Presented  by 
Dr.   0.   T.   Fellows 


CALIFORNIA  COLLEGE  OF  MEDICINE 


A  HANDBOOK  OF  USEFUL 
DRUGS 

A  Selected  List  of  Important  Drugs  Suggested  for  the  Use  of 

Teachers   of  Materia  Medica   and  Therapeutics  and  to 

Serve  as  a  Basis  for  the  Examination  in  Therapeutics 

by  State  Medical  Examining  and  Licensing  Boards 


PREPARED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION    AND 
SUPERVISION  OF  THE 


PHARMACY    AND 


OF  THE 


AMERICAN  MEDICAL 
ASSOCIATION  , 


PRESS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  MEDICAL  ASSOCIATION 

535  North  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago 

1914 


[AUTIIOEITY  TO  USE  FOB  COMMENT  THE  PHARMACOPEIA  OF 
THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMEEICA,  EIGHTH  DECENNIAL  REVISION, 
IN  THIS  VOLUME,  HAS  BEEN  GRANTED  BY  THE  BOARD  OF 
TRUSTEES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  PHARMACOPEIAL  CONVENTION. 
WHICH  BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES  is  IN  NO  WAY  RESPONSIBLE  FOR 

THE  ACCURACY  OF  ANY  TRANSLATION  OF  THE  OFFICIAL  WEIGHTS 
AND  MEASURES,  OR  FOR  ANY  STATEMENT  AS  TO  THE  STRENGTH 
OF  OFFICIAL  PREPARATIONS.] 


COPYRIGHT,  1913 
AMERICAN  MEDICAL  ASSOCIATION 


PREFACE 

It  is  generally  recognized  that  a  considerable  proportion  of 
the  articles  in  the  Pharmacopeia  of  the  United  States  and  in 
the  National  Formulary  are  worthless  or  superfluous.  Repeated 
efforts  have  been  made  to  eliminate  at  least  the  more  objec- 
tionable of  these  articles.  These  efforts,  however,  have  failed 
because  they  have  uniformly  encountered  the  objection  that 
the  articles  or  preparations  are  used  by  some  physicians  and 
therefore  should  be  recognized  and  authoritatively  defined. 

The  Council  on  Medical  Education  and  the  Confederation  of 
State  Examining  and  Licensing  Boards  have  been  trying 
to  restrict  instruction  and  examination  in  materia  medica  to 
the  more  important  drugs.  These  efforts  have  suggested  the 
desirability  of  selecting  a  fundamental  list  of  drugs  with 
which  all  medical  students  and  practitioners  might  be  expected 
to  be  familiar  and  to  which,  therefore,  state  examining  and 
licensing  boards  might  largely  or  entirely  confine  their  exam- 
inations in  materia  medica. 

HOW  THE  LIST  WAS  PREPARED 

A  committee  of  the  Council  on  Medical  Education  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  prepared  a  list  of  the  more 
important  medicaments  which  was  submitted  to  the  members 
of  the  National  Confederation  of  State  Medical  Examining 
and  Licensing  Boards.  The  confederation  endorsed  the  prin- 
ciple and  appointed  a  committee  to  compile  a  list  which  would 
answer  the  needs  of  the  state  examining  and  licensing  boards. 
In  pursuance  of  its  fundamental  aims  to  secure  the  devel- 
opment of  a  more  scientific  and  rational  system  of  thera- 
peutics, the  Council  on  Pharmacy  and  Chemistry  took  up  this 
matter.  Largely  basing  its  selection  on  the  conclusions  of 
the  committee  of  the  Confederation  of  State  Licensing  and 
Examining  Boards,  it  compiled  a  preliminary  list  which  it 
submitted  for  general  discussion.  This  list  was  sent  to 
teachers  of  pharmacology  and  therapeutics,  to  deans  of  medical 


4  USEFUL     DRUGS 

schools,  to  the  secretaries  and  members  of  state  medical  exam- 
ining and  licensing  boards,  and  to  others  presumed  to  be 
interested  in  the  subject,  with  a  request  for  criticism  and 
suggestions.  The  replies  received  were  compiled  and  analyzed 
and  a  revised  list  prepared  and  again  submitted.  The  list 
was  further  considered  and  revised  by  the  Council  on  Phar- 
macy and  Chemistry  and  was  then  published  in  a  preliminary 
form  under  the  title  "Useful  Remedies."  The  object  of  pre- 
senting the  book  in  a  tentative  form  was  to  obtain  further 
opinions  regarding  the  list  and  especially  suggestions  for 
making  the  permanent  book  of  the  most  practical  value  to  all 
concerned. 

The  present  book  has  been  prepared  on  the  basis  of  infor- 
mation, advice  and  suggestions  brought  out  by  the  preliminary 
work  above  referred  to.  It  presents  a  brief  but  practical  dis- 
cussion, from  the  modern  viewpoint,  of  the  properties,  phar- 
macologic  action,  therapeutic  uses  and  dosage  of  the  drugs  in 
the  list.  As  it  contains  products  the  value  of  which  is  gen- 
erally recognized  it  is  hoped  that  the  book  may  serve  as  a 
text  on  which  teachers  of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics 
may  base  their  instruction,  and  state  examining  boards  their 
examinations. 

It  is  confidently  predicted  that  an  intelligent  and  critical 
use  of  these  selected  drugs  will  prove  their  general  sufficiency 
and  show  that  many  drugs  now  discussed  in  text-books  are 
superfluous  and  that  many  newly  discovered  or  widely 
exploited  proprietary  preparations  have  no  advantages  over 
those  contained  in  this  book. 

In  discussing  pharmacologic  action  the  endeavor  has  been 
to  present  the  essentials,  giving  the  details  of  physiologic 
action  only  when  they  have  an  evident  bearing  on  the  thera- 
peutic uses.  The  latter  have  been  given  concisely,  but  it  is 
hoped  in  sufficient  detail  so  that  no  important  uses  have  been 
overlooked.  In  dosage  the  average  doses  of  the  pharmacopeia 
have  been  given  except  in  those  instances  in  which  the  impor- 
tance of  the  drug  makes  it  necessary  to  enter  more  into  detail. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  5 

Especial  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  various  methods  of 
administration  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  occasional  sugges- 
tions for  the  choice  of  vehicle  will  be  of  service  to  beginners 
in  prescription  writing.  For  the  same  reason  the  strength 
of  local  applications  has  been  carefully  indicated.  In  giving 
apothecary  and  metric  doses  the  attempt  to  give  exact  equiv- 
alents has  not  been  made.  So  far  as  possible,  the  use  of  round 
numbers  has  been  encouraged. 

In  spelling  the  book  conforms  to  the  style  of  THE  JOURNAL 
of  the  American  Medical  Association,  except  that  the  official 
names  of  the  U.  S.  Pharmacopeia  have  been  retained  in  the 
titles. 


ABBREVIATIONS 

The    following   abbreviations   occur   in    the   text: 

U.    S.    P. — The    Pharmacopeia    of  ,  the    United    States    of 

America,  Eighth  Revision. 
N.  F. — The  National  Formulary  of  Unofficial  Preparations. 

Third  Edition. 
N.  N.  R.— New  and  Nonofficial  Remedies,  1913. 

STATEMENT  OF  SOLUBILITY 

For  ease  of  reference  the  solubility  of  official  articles  is 
indicated  in  approximate  terms  in  accordance  with  the  follow- 
ing equivalents: 

Substances  that  are  soluble  in  less  than 

1  part  of  solvent  =  very  soluble. 

From  1  to  10  parts  of  solvent  =  freely  soluble. 

From  10  to  100  parts  of  solvent  =  soluble. 

From  100  to  1,000  parts  of  solvent  =  slightly  soluble. 

From  1,000  to  10,000  parts  of  solvent  =  very  slightly  soluble. 

From  10,000  to  100,000  parts  of  solvent  =  nearly  insoluble. 

More  than  100.000  parts  of  solvent  =   practically  insoluble. 


USEFUL  DRUGS 


Acacia. — Acacia,  U.  S.  P.,  Gum  Arabic. 

A  gummy  exudation  from  Acacia  Senegal  and  other  species 
of  acacia. 

PROPERTIES  :  Acacia  occurs  in  colorless  or  pale  yellowish, 
opaque,  brittle,  inodorous  tears  or  fragments  which  are  com- 
pletely soluble  in  water  but  practically  Insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Mucilago  Acaciae.— Mucilage  of  Acacia,  U.  S.  P. 

A  34  per  cent,  solution  of  Acacia  in  a  mixture  of  water 
and  lime-water. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Acacia  and  its  mucilage  are  used  as 
demulcents  and  suspending  agents  in  the  making  of  emul- 
sions and  mixtures. 

Acetanilidum— Acetanilid,  U.   S.   P.,  C0H3NH ( CH3CO ) . 

Acetanilid  is  the  monacetyl  derivative  of  anil  in,  C0H5NH2. 

PROPERTIES  :  Acetanilid  is  an  odorless,  crystalline  powder, 
having  a  slightly  burning  taste.  It  is  only  slightly  soluble  in 
water  (1:180),  but  freely  soluble  in  alcohol  (1:2.5). 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Acetanilid  is  incompatible  with  spirit 
of  nitrous  ether.  It  forms  a  semiliquid  mass  when  triturated 
with  chloral  or  antipyrin. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Acetanilid  is  analgesic,  antipyretic 
and,  in  excessive  doses,  a  cardiac  depressant.  These  effects 
are  probably  due  to  para-aminophenol,  into  which  it  is 
converted  in  the  body.  The  pulse  is  at  first  quickened  and 
later  slowed  by  a  direct  action  on  the  heart  muscle. 
Moderate  doses  have  little  effect  on  the  temperature  of 
normal  animals  and  men,  but  such  doses  cause  a  marked 
reduction  of  the  temperature  in  fever.  Large  doses,  or 
small  doses  taken  habitually,  convert  hemoglobin  into  met- 
hemoglobin  and  may  destroy  the  red  blood-corpuscles.  In 
poisonous  doses  acetanilid  produces  cyanosis,  abnormal 
reduction  of  temperature,  coldness  of  the  extremities  and 
profuse  sweating.  In  individuals  with  an  idiosyncrasy 
toward  the  drug  similar  symptoms  may  be  produced  by 
small  doses.  Its  use  should  be  avoided  in  patients  Avho 
are  debilitated  from  any  cause. 

Acetanilid  is  effective  for  the  relief  of  headache  and 
neuralgic  pain,  but  is  not  suited  to  the  treatment  of  pain 
caused  by  inflammation. 

DOSAGE:  0.20  gm.  or  3  grains,  ft  is  well  to  begin  with 
0.10  gm.  or  about  2  grains  and  to  repeat  cautiously.  For- 
merly mixtures  of  acetanilid  with  caffein  or  ammonium 


8 

salts  were  advised  on  the  supposition  that  the  cardiac 
depression  would  thus  be  avoided,  but  this  does  not  seem 
to  be  the  case.  Investigation  has  shown  that  acetanilid 
is  rendered  somewhat  more  toxic  by  caffein,  but  sodium 
bicarbonate  renders  it  less  poisonous.  The  drug  should  be 
used  cautiously  and  only  for  definite  indications.  Acetanilid 
has  been  widely  exploited  in  the  form  of  varying  mixtures 
under  different  names  as  a  cure  for  all  pain.  Many  so-called 
headache  powders  contain  it,  but  its  indiscriminate  use  in 
this  way  is  dangerous.  It  may  be  administered  dry  in  the 
form  of  powders,  cachets  or  capsules;  because  of  its  slight 
solubility  it  should  not  be  massed  in  pills  or  compressed  into 
tablets  unless  the  tablet  is  crushed  with  the  teeth  before 
swallowing  or  unless  the  tablet  will  disintegrate  rapidly  in 
the  stomach. 

Acetphenetidinum.  —  Acetphenetidin,     U.  S.  P.,     Phenacetin, 
C6H4  ( OC2H5 )  .NH  ( CH3CO ) . 

Acetphenetidin  differs  from  acetanilid  in  containing  the 
ethoxyl  group  C2H50. 

PROPERTIES  :  Acetphenetidin  occurs  as  white,  crystalline  scales 
or  a  crystalline  powder.  It  is  odorless  and  tasteless.  It  is  only 
slightly  soluble  in  water  (1:925)  but  soluble  in  alcohol  (1:12). 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:     The  same  as  ioP  acetanilid. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  These  are  similar  to  those  of  acetan- 
ilid, but  it  is  supposed  to  be  somewhat  safer.  Its  analgesic, 
antipyretic  and  cardiac  depressant  effects,  like  those  of 
acetanilid,  are  due  to  the  formation  of  para-aminophenol, 
and  its  possible  advantage  over  acetanilid  is  probably  due* 
to  the  fact  that  this  decomposition  occurs  more  slowly. 
It  is  best  administered  in  the  form  of  powders,  cachets  or 
capsules. 

Since  the  enactment  of  the  Food  and  Drugs  Act,  June  30, 
1906,  acetphenetidin  has  frequently  displaced  acetanilid  as 
the  active  agent  in  proprietary  mixtures  for  the  relief  of 
headache  and  other  pain.  Its  relation  to  acetanilid  sug- 
gests similar  caution  in  its  use. 

DOSAGE:  A  full  dose  is  0.50  gm.  or  7%  grains.  It  is 
well  to  begin  with  0.30  gm.  or  5  grains,  and  repeat  every 
three  hours  if  needed  for  a  few  doses.  When  small  doses 
fail  to  relieve  headache,  larger  doses  are  also  usually 
ineffectiye. 

Acidum  Aceticum. — Acetic  Acid,  U.  S.  P. 

A  solution  containing  36  per  cent,  by  weight  of  absolute 
acetic  acid  (H.CLHaO,)  =CH3COOH.  (In  some  European 
countries  a  preparation  comparable  to  glacial  acetic  acid, 
U.  S.  P.,  containing  99  per  cent,  of  absolute  acetic  acid,  is 
known  as  acetic  acid,  and  the  article  that  is  official  in 
the  U.  S.  P.  as  "diluted  acetic  acid"  is  sometimes  described 
as  acetum  or  vinegar.) 


USEFUL    DRUGS  9 

Diluted  Acetic  Acid,  U.  S.  P.,  contains  6  per  cent,  of 
absolute  acetic  acid. 

PROPERTIES  :  Acetic  acid  is  a  clear,  colorless  solution.  In  all 
of  its  forms  it  is  freely  miscible  with  water. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Acetic  acid,  as  such,  is  not  ordinarily 
used  internally,  but  when  administered  in  the  diluted  form 
it  is  mildly  diaphoretic  and  diuretic.  Externally  it  is  a 
caustic,  rubefacient  and  parasiticide. 

Acidum    Acetylsalicylicum. — See   under    Aspirin. 

Acidum  Benzoicum. — Benzoic  Acid,  U.  S.  P. 

An  organic  acid,  (HC7H602)  =  CCH5.COOH,  obtained  from 
benzoin,  by  sublimation,  or  prepared  artificially. 

PROPERTIES  :  Benzoic  acid  occurs  as  colorless,  or  almost  color- 
less, lustrous  scales  or  needles  having  an  odor  resembling  benzoin. 
when  obtained  from  the  latter,  and  a  pungent,  acid  taste.  It  is 
only  slightly  soluble  in  water  (1:281),  but  is  soluble  in  alcohol 
(1:1.8).  It  reacts  with  alkali  hydroxids,  and  carbonates  to 
form  water-soluble  benzoates. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Benzoic  acid  is  a  mild  antiseptic  and 
diuretic.  It  is  excreted  in  the  urine  in  the  form  of  hippuric 
acid  (benzoyl  glycocoll).  Clinically  it  is  of  little  value. 

DOSAGE:  0.5  gm.  or  7y2  grains.  It  is  preferably  dispensed 
in  the  form  of  powder  and  may  be  enclosed,  dry,  in  cap- 
sules or  cachets.  It  is  more  frequently  used  in  the  form 
of  soluble  compounds  (see  Sodii  Benzoas). 

Acidum.  Boricum. — Boric  Acid,  U.   S.  P.     Boracic  Acid    (obso- 
lete)    (H3B03)  =B(OH),. 

PROPERTIES  :  Boric  acid  forms  transparent,  colorless  scales  or 
a  light,  unctuous,  very  fine  powder.  It  is  odorless,  has  a  faintly 
bitter  taste  and  is  slowly  soluble  in  water  (1  :18)  and  soluble  in 
alcohol  (1:15). 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Boric  acid  is  a  mild  antiseptic.  It 
has  been  occasionally  administered  internally,  but  with  little 
effect,  in  cystitis.  Externally  it  is  frequently  used  as  a 
dusting  powder,  either  alone  or  combined  with  diluents 
such  as  starch  or  talcum,  or  with  active  substances  such 
as  acetanilid,  salicylic  acid  or  iodoform.  It  is  also  widely 
used  as  a  wash  or  lotion,  especially  for  catarrh  of  the 
mucous  membranes,  cystitis,  conjunctivitis,  pharyngitis,  etc., 
usually  in  simple  aqueous  solutions  containing  from  2  to 
4  per  cent,  of  boric  acid.  This  is  one  of  the  most  frequently 
used  lotions  for  conjunctivitis.  It  is  also  very  useful  for 
irrigating  the  bladder  in  cystitis.  It  is  used  in  the  form 
of  glycerite  of  boroglycerin  in  washes  and  injections.  The 
ointment  is  mildly  antiseptic  but  is  chiefly  used  as  a  pro- 
tective dressing. 

Glyceritum  Boroglycerini. — Glycerite  of  Boroglycerin,  U.  S.  P. 
A  glycerin  solution  representing  30  per  cent,  of  boric  acid. 


10  USEFUL     DRUGS 

Unguentum  Acidi  Borici. — Ointment  of  Boric  Acid,  U.  S.  P. 

A  10  per  cent,  mixture  of  boric  acid  with  paraffin  and 
white  petrolatum. 

Acidum  Citricum. — Citric  Acid,  U.  S.  P. 

A  tribasic  organic  acid,  H3C8H50T,H2O,  usually  prepared 
from  the  juice  of  limes  or  lemons. 

PROPERTIES  :  Citric  acid  forms  colorless,  transparent  crystals : 
odorless  and  having  an  agreeable  purely  acid  taste.  It  is  very 
soluble  in  water  (1:0.54)  and  freely  soluble  in  alcohol  (1:1.5). 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Citric  acid  may  be  used  as  a  substi- 
tute for  lemon-juice.  Like  the  other  organic  acids,  it  is 
oxidized  in  the  system  to  carbonic  acid,  so  that  its  acid 
effects  are  "much  reduced.  If  an  alkaline  carbonate  be  added 
an  effervescing  mixture  is  obtained  which  gives  the  thera- 
peutic effects  of  the  alkalies. 

DOSAGE:  0.5  gm.  or  iy2  grains.  It  may  be  prescribed  in 
the  form  of  syrupus  acidi  citrici  or  as  lemonade. 

Acidum  Diaethylbarbituricum. — See  under  Veronal. 

Acidum     Hydrochloricum. — Hydrochloric      Acid,     U.      S.      P.. 
Muriatic  Acid. 

A  fuming  corrosive  liquid  containing  31.9  per  cent,  of 
hydrogen  chlorid,  HC1. 

Acidum     Hydrochloricum     Dilutum. — Diluted     Hydrochloric 
Acid,  U.  S.  P. 

A  solution  containing  10  per  cent,  of  hydrogen  chlorid. 
HC1. 

PROPERTIES  :  Diluted  hydrochloric  acid  is  a  colorless,  odorless, 
strongly  acid  aqueous  solution ;  freely  miscible  In  all  proportions 
with  water  or  alcohol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  It  is  incompatible  with  alkalies,  car- 
bonates and  oxids,  with  which  it  reacts  to  form  chlorids, 
and  with  the  soluble  salts  of  silver  and  of  lead,  forming 
insoluble  silver  chlorid  and  lead  chlorid. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Hydrochloric  acid  is  the  acid  of  the 
gastric  juice,  the  average  normal  stomach  contents  contain- 
ing approximately  0.2  per  cent.  It  is  necessary  to  the  diges- 
tive action  of  pepsin  and  acts  as  an  antiseptic  in  the 
stomach.  By  checking  fermentation  and  putrefaction  in  the 
stomach  it  tends  to  prevent  these  processes  in  the  intestine. 

Diluted  hydrochloric  acid  is  used  for  the  treatment  of 
diseases  of  the  stomach  characterized  by  a  deficiency  of 
acid  in  the  gastric  juice  on  the  theory  that  it  replaces  the 
acid  lacking  in  the  secretion.  To  restore  the  acidity  of 
the  stomach  contents  to  the  normal  average  would  require 
much  larger  doses  than  are  commonly  given.  It  seems  prob- 
able, therefore,  that  the  acid  as  ordinarily  given  acts  mainly 
as  an  appetizer  and  tonic.  The  utility  of  hydrochloric  acid 
in  achylia  gastrica  is  more  manifest  in  the  nervous  forms 


USEFUL     DRUGS  11 

and  in  the  earlier  stages  of  the  organic  variety.  In  some 
cases  it  causes  distress  and  should  be  discontinued.  There 
is  some  evidence  to  show  that  the  continued  administration 
of  the  acid  is  capable  of  increasing  the  gastric  secretion. 
Hydrochloric  acid  also  exerts  a  favorable  influence  on  the 
secretion  of  the  pancreatic  and  intestinal  juices. 

Hydrochloric  acid  is  also  of  service  in  intestinal  putre- 
faction, especially  when  the  gastric  digestion  is  impaired. 
It  is  indicated  in  achylia  gastrica  for  the  diarrhea  caused 
by  the  irritant  action  of  undigested  meat  and  the  putre- 
faction of  proteins  which  have  escaped  gastric  digestion. 

DOSAGE:  1  c.c.  or  15  minims  in  about  half  a  glass  of 
water.  It  should  be  given  after  meals  and  the  dose  repeated 
at  the  end  of  an  hour.  Five  drops  in  a  wineglassful  of 
water  after  meals  are  often  sufficient. 

Acidum  Hydrocyanicum  Dilutum. — Diluted  Hydrocyanic  Acid, 
U.  S.  P. 

This  preparation  in  all  the  leading  pharmacopeias  of  the 
world,  is  now  uniformly  directed  to  contain  2  per  cent,  of 
hydrogen  cyanid,  HCN. 

PROPERTIES  :  It  occurs  as  a  colorless  liquid  of  a  characteristic 
odor  resembling1  that  of  bitter  almonds.  On  account  of  its  poison- 
ous character  it  should  be  tasted  only  with  great  caution.  Hydro- 
cyanic acid  is  freely  miscible  with  water  and  with  alcohol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  It  gradually  decomposes  on  exposure 
to  light  and  is  incompatible  with  salts  of  iron,  silver  and 
mercury. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Hydrocyanic  acid  is  said  to  be  seda- 
tive in  small  doses  and  has  been  widely  used  as  an  addi- 
tion to  cough  mixtures,  and  as  an  anti-emetic.  On  account 
of  its  poisonous  properties  and  the  readiness  with  which 
it  decomposes,  it  is  no  longer  used  to  the  same  extent  as 
formerly. 

DOSAGE:     0.1  c.c.  or  1.5  minims    (not  drops). 

Acidum  Nitricum. — Nitric  Acid,  U.  S.  P. 

A  liquid  containing  about  68  per  cent.,  by  weight,  of 
hydrogen  nitrate,  HN03. 

PROPERTIES  :  Nitric  acid  is  colorless,  fuming,  very  caustic  and 
corrosive  and  has  a  peculiar,  somewhat  suffocating  odor.  It  is 
miscible  with  water  in  all  proportions,  dissolves  mercury  and 
most  other  metals  with  evolution  of  red  fumes  and  stains  woolen 
fabrics  and  animal  tissues  a  bright  yellow. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Like  other  inorganic  acids,  it  is 
incompatible  with  alkalies,  the  alkali  carbonates,  many  of 
the  salts  of  organic  acids,  and,  because  of  its  oxidizing 
properties,  with  all  readily  oxidizable  substances.  Its  addi- 
tion to  organic  liquids  (alcohol,  etc.),  is  apt  to  give  rise 
to  explosive  reactions. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Nitric  acid  is  a  powerful  caustic, 
used  for  removing  warts  and  small  nevi  and  for  cauterizing 


12  USEFUL    DRUGS 

chancroids  and  other  sores  and  bites  of  rabid  animals,  but 
its  action  is  very  painful  and  not  readily  controlled.  When 
nitric  acid  is  used  as  a  caustic,  the  surrounding  healthy 
tissue  should  be  coated  with  petrolatum  and  the  acid  applied 
on  the  end  of  a  rod  of  glass  or  wood. 

Acidum  Salicylicum.— Salicylic  Acid,  U.  S.  P. 

An  organic  acid,  HC7H503  =  C6H4.OH.COOH,  generally 
prepared  synthetically  from  phenol. 

PEOPEETIES  :  It  occurs  as  fine,  white  needles  or  a  bulky,  white 
crystalline,  odorless  powder,  possessing  a  sweetish,  subsequently 
acrid  taste.  Salicylic  acid  is  only  slightly  soluble  in  water  but 
freely  soluble  in  alcohol  or  in  ether.  Salicylic  acid  reacts  with 
alkali  hydroxids  and  carbonates  to  form  water-soluble  salts. 
With  solution  of  ferric  chlorid  it  gives  a  deep  purple  color. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  It  is  incompatible  with  salts  of  iron 
and  with  spirit  of  nitrous  ether. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Salicylic  acid  is  an  antiseptic.  It  is 
quite  irritant  to  mucous  membranes  and  somewhat  corro- 
sive. Internally  it  has  the  actions  described  under  sodium 
salicylate,  in  which  form  it  is  commonly  employed.  Exter- 
nally it  has  been  used  as  an  application  in  pruritus,  urticaria, 
bromidrosis  and  in  some  forms  of  eczema;  also  in  the  form 
of  ointments  and  collodions  to  soften  and  remove  corns  and 
warts. 

DOSAGE:  Internally  it  is  best  given  in  the  form  of  soluble 
salicyla'tes.  (See  Sodium  Salicylate.)  Externally  it  is 
applied  as  an  astringent  in  from  1  to  2  per  cent,  alcoholic 
solution  or  ointment;  as  an  antiseptic,  antiparasitic  and 
keratolytic  agent,  in  2  to  5  per  cent,  dusting-powder,  or 
ointment,  and  as  a  strong  keratolytic  in  proportions  up 
to  20  per  cent.,  best  dissolved  in  collodion.  Continuous 
application  to  the  skin  may  occasion  slight  corrosion. 

Acidum  Tannicum. — Tannic  Acid,  U.  S.  P.,  Tannin. 
An  organic  acid,  HCUH908,  obtained  from  nutgall. 

PEOPEETIES  :  Tannic  acid  occurs  as  a  light  yellowish,  amor- 
phous powder,  gradually  turning  darker  when  exposed  to  air 
and  light.  It  has  a  faint,  characteristic  odor  and  a  strongly 
astringent  taste.  Tannic  acid  is  very  soluble  in  water,  alcohol 
and  glycerin. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  It  is  incompatible  with  alkalies, 
alkaloids,  salts  of  iron  and  of  most  other  metals,  albumin 
and  gelatin.  With  all  these  substances  it  reacts  to  form 
insoluble  compounds. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Tannic  acid  is  used  as  an  astringent 
and  hemostatic.  Internally  it  has  been  chiefly  employed 
in  the  treatment  of  diarrhea.  It  is  but  little  used  with 
infants  or  children.  It  should  be  employed  not  as  the  prin- 
cipal curative  agent,  but  as  an  occasional  adjunct  to  proper 
dietetic  and  physical  remedies  when  the  discharges  are 
unduly  profuse.  Its  astringent  action,  however,  often  causes 
nausea  and  vomiting,  and  hence  some  one  of  the  protein 


USEFUL     DRUGS  13 

combinations  is  better  for  action  on  the  intestine.  Local 
applications  of  tannic  acid  are  frequently  made  to  inflamed 
mucous  membranes,  especially  in  pharyngitis.  It  is  fre- 
quently employed  as  a  local  application  in  the  treatment 
of  hemorrhoids  in  the  form  of  a  20  per  cent,  ointment  or 
as  a  suppository  containing  0.3  gm.  or  5  grains. 
DOSAGE:  0.3  gm.  or  5  grains. 

Glyceritum  Acidi  Tannici. — Glycerite  of  Tannic  Acid,  U.  S.  P. 
A  20  per  cent,  solution  of  tannic  acid  in  glycerin. 

DOSAGE:  1  c.c.  or  15  minims  corresponding  to  0.2  gm.  or 
3  grains  of  tannic  acid.  This  preparation  is  chiefly  used 
externally  and  affords  a  convenient  agent  for  making  dilute 
solutions  for  local  use.  For  local  applications  solutions  con- 
taining from  0.5  to  2  per  cent,  of  tannic  acid  are  appropriate. 

To  prevent  the  astringent  action  of  tannic  acid  on  the 
gastric  mucosa,  various  organic  combinations  of  tannic  acid 
have  been  prepared  which  resist  the  action  of  the  gastric 
juice  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  and  escaping  solution 
in  the  stomach,  do  not  become  active  until  they  reach  the 
intestine. 

Tannalbin. — Tannalbin,  N.  N.  R.,  Albumin  Tannate. 

It  is  insoluble  in  gastric  juice  and  becomes  effective  when 
it  reaches  the  intestine. 

DOSAGE:     2  gm.  or  30  grains. 

Aconitum. — Aconite,  U.  S.  P. 

The  tuberous  root  of  Aconitum  napelkis  L. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Aconite  slows  the  pulse  and  thus 
lowers  the  blood-pressure.  The  nervous  system  is  first 
stimulated  and  then  depressed.  Death  occurs  from  respira- 
tory paralysis.  Locally  applied,  aconite  causes  paralysis 
of  the  sensory  nerve  endings. 

Aconite  is  used  internally  as  a  cardiac  depressant,  anti- 
pyretic and  diaphoretic,  especially  in  sthenic  fevers  of  short 
duration  or  in  the  initial  stage  only  of  other  diseases.  It 
should  be  avoided  in  fevers  accompanied  by  cardiac  weak- 
ness. The  danger  from  the  depressing  action  of  aconite  on 
the  heart  makes  it  an  undesirable  agent  to  use  as  a  cardiac 
depressant.  It  is  being  used  less  and  less. 

Tinctura  Aconiti. — Tincture  of  Aconite,  U.  S.  P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  represent  10  gm.  of  the  drug  in  approxi- 
mately 65  per  cent,  of  alcohol. 

Externally  it  is  useful  as  a  local  application  for  the 
relief  of  neuralgic  pain. 

DOSAGE:  0.2  c.c.  or  3  minims  should  be  given  hourly 
until  the  desired  effect  on  the  pulse  is  secured.  Locally 
the  tincture  may  be  applied  over  the  affected  nerve,  or  a 


14  USEFUL     DRUGS 

liniment  containing  10  per  cent,  of  the  tincture  may  be 
prescribed.  Application  to  mucous  membranes  should  be 
carefully  avoided.  The  local  application  of  the  tincture  is 
dangerous,  as  too  much  absorption  may  occur. 

Adeps.— Lard,  U.  S.  P. 

True  fats,  chiefly  those  of  animal  origin,  form  an  impor- 
tant class  of  ointment  bases.  They  are  especially  valuable 
when  penetrating  ointments  are  desired  for  softening  the 
skin  for  inunctions,  etc.  Lard  is  the  chief  fat  thus  used. 
•Like  all  animal  fats,  it  is  very  liable  to  become  rancid.  To 
mitigate  its  odor  and  to  hinder  the  occurrence  of  rancidity 
the  following  preparation  is  used: 

Adeps  Benzoinatus. — Benzoinated  Lard,  U.  S.  P. 

Benzoinated    lard    is    made    by    incorporating    with    lard 

2  per  cent,  of  benzoin  and  straining. 

Adeps  Lanae  Hydrosus. — Hydrous  Wool  Fat,  U.  S.  P.,  Lanolin. 

This  preparation  is  made  by  mixing  the  purified  fat  of 
sheep's  wool  with  water  in  a  proportion  not  to  exceed 

3  parts  of  the  latter  to  7  parts  of  the  former. 

Lanolin  is  used  as  an  ointment  base.  It  has  the  advantage 
that  it  does  not  become  rancid,  but  its  odor  and  consistence 
are  disagreeable.  The  old  statements  that  it  is  more  readily 
absorbed  than  other  ointments  has  not  been  borne  out  by 
experience. 

Adnephrin,   Adrenalin. — See   Epinephrin. 

Aether.— Ether,  U.  S.  P. 

A  liquid  composed  of  about  96  per  cent.,  by  weight,  of 
absolute  ether,  (C2H3)2O,  and  about  4  per  cent,  of  alcohol, 
C&0H. 

PROPERTIES  :  It  is  volatile,  inflammable,  and  the  vapors,  which 
are  .about  two  and  one  half  times  as  heavy  as  air,  are  danger- 
ously explosive  when  mixed  with  air.  Ether  is  soluble  in  water 
(1:10),  readily  soluble  In  alcohol,  and  when  administered  inter- 
nally is  usually  directed  to  be  dispensed  in  the  form  of  an  alco- 
holic solution. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Ether  is  used  mainly  by  inhalation 
for  the  production  of  anesthesia.  It  depresses  all  parts  of 
the  central  nervous  system,  causing  loss  of  sensation,  loss  of 
consciousness  and  abolition  of  the  reflexes.  The  vital  cen- 
ters of  the  medulla  are  involved  very  late  in  the  poisoning. 
a  fact  which  enhances  the  safety  of  this  anesthetic.  The 
respiration  is  affected  first.  Later  there  is  depression  of 
the  vasomotor  center  and  consequent  fall  of  blood-pressure. 
Ether  does  not  produce  a  marked  effect  on  the  heart,  but 
its  first  action  is  a  moderate  reflex  stimulation,  while  in 
poisonous  doses  it  depresses  the  heart.  In  the  administra- 
tion of  ether  as  an  anesthetic  at  night,  caution  should  be 
exercised  to  have  the  ether  at  a  distance  and,  if  possible, 
below  any  fire  or  flame,  to  avoid  setting  fire  to  the  heavy 


USEFUL     DRUGS  15 

inflammable  vapors.    For  anesthesia  a  pure  ether,  preferably 
anhydrous,  should  always  be  used.     Administered  internally 
it  is  an  anodyne,  sedative,  carminative  and  antispasmodic. 
DOSAGE:      1   c.c.  or   15  minims. 

Spiritus  Aetheris,  U.  S.  P. 

A  32.5  per  cent,  alcoholic  solution. 

DOSAGE:  4  c.c.  or  1  fluidram  well  diluted  or  on  cracked 
ice. 

Spiritus  Aetheris  Compositus,  U.  S.  P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  contain  ether,  32.5  c.c.;  alcohol,  65  c.c.. 
and  ethereal  oil,  2.5  c.c. 

DOSAGE:  4  c.c.  or  1  fluidram,  best  given  on  a  lump  of 
sugar.  On  account  of  its  transient  action  the  dose  may 
be  repeated  once  in  half  an  hour  if  needed. 

Aether  Nitrosus. — Used  only  in  the  form  of: 

Spiritus  Aetheris  Nitrosi. — Spirit  of  Nitrous  Ether,  U.  S.  P.. 
Sweet  Spirits  of  Niter. 

A  solution  of  not  less  than  4  per  cent,  of  ethyl  nitrite. 
C2H5N02,  in  alcohol. 

PROPERTIES  :  A  pale  yellowish  liquid  having  a  fragrant 
ethereal  and  pungent  odor  and  a  sharp  burning  taste.  It  is 
miscible  with  alcohol  or  water.  It  rapidly  deteriorates. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  It  is  incompatible  with  acetanilid, 
antipyrin,  potassium  iodid  and  sodium  salicylate. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Spirit  of  nitrons  ether  is  popularly 
used  as  a  weak  diuretic  and  diaphoretic.  Its  efficiency  is 
doubtful.  It  is  frequently  prescribed  in  mixtures  with  other 
diaphoretics,  notably  the  solution  of  ammonium  acetate. 

DOSAGE:    2  c.c.  or  30  minims  or  half  a  teaspoonful. 

Aethylis  Chloridum.— Ethyl  Chlorid,  U.   S.  P. 

PROPERTIES  :  It  is  a  colorless  and  very  volatile  liquid  having 
an  agreeable  odor  and  a  sweetish,  burning  taste.  It  should  be 
preserved  in  hermetically  sealed  glass  tubes  and  kept  in  a  cool 
place  remote  from  light  or  fire. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Ethyl  chlorid  is  widely  used  in  the 
form  of  spray  to  produce  a  local  anesthesia  for  minor  opera- 
tions. When  inhaled  it  produces  prompt  anesthesia,  suitable 
for  very  short  operations,  but  even  then  not  without  danger 
of  producing  accidents  similar  to  those  of  chloroform. 
Because  of  these  dangers  and  the  difficulty  of  handling,  it 
is  now  rarely  used  for  general  anesthesia. 

Aethyl-Morphinae     Hydrochloridum,  —  Ethyl-Morphin     Hydro- 
'  chlorid,  N.   N.  R.,  Dionin. 

PROPERTIES  :  Ethyl-morphin  is  an  artificial  base  obtained  by 
the  action  of  ethyl  iodid  on  morphin  in  the  presence  of  an  alkali. 
It  occurs  as  a  white,  microscopically  crystalline  powder,  odorless 
and  having  only  a  slight  bitter  taste.  Ethyl-morphin  hydro- 


16  USEFUL     DRUGS 

chlorid  is  freely  soluble  in  water  and  in  alcohol,  but  practically 
insoluble  in  ether  and  in  chloroform. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  When  administered  internally,  its 
action  is  intermediate  between  those  of  morphin  and  codein, 
but  it  is  claimed  that  it  does  not  produce  constipation, 
nausea  or  lassitude  and  that  it  promotes  healing  after 
operations  and  injuries.  It  is  the  conclusion  of  careful 
observers,  however,  that,  for  internal  use,  it  possesses  no 
advantage  over  codein. 

When  applied  to  the  eye  this  drug  causes  a  local  vaso- 
dilation,  terminating  in  acute  conjunctival  edema.  The 
chemosis  thus  produced  is  employed  for  its  analgesic  and 
curative  effects  in  conjunctivitis,  corneal  ulcer,  acute  glau- 
coma, iritis,  scleritis  and  other  inflammatory  diseases  of 
the  uveal  tract.  The  greater  the  edema  of  the  conjunctiva, 
the  more  decided  is  its  analgesic  action. 

DOSAGE:  0.015  gm.  or  %  grain.  Externally  it  is  commonly 
employed  in  a  collyrium  in  strength  varying  from  5  to  10 
per  cent.  The  strength  may  be  increased  to  20  per  cent., 
and  it  is  sometimes  used  in  powder  form.  The  ophthalmol- 
ogist should  make  the  first  application  and  determine  the 
minimum  strength  of  solution  which  will  produce  the  neces- 
sary chemosis.  This  dose  should  not  be  increased  until  it 
loses  its  effect.  The  action  of  the  remedy  may  be  regarded 
as  sufficient  as  long  as  its  application  is  followed  by  chemo- 
sis, redness  and  burning  sensations  for  from  one  to  two 
minutes  afterward.  Under  these  circumstances  it  may  be 
instilled  once  a  day.  The  patient  should  be  instructed  that 
the  swelling  of  the  conjunctiva  is  necessary  to  the  thera- 
peutic action  of  the  remedy  and  that  no  harm  to  the  eye 
will  ensue  from  its  use. 

In  cases  of  corneal  opacity  ethyl-morphin  hydrochloric! 
has  been  applied  to  the  eye  in  the  form  of  powder.  It  may 
also  be  used  as  an  ointment  in  strength  varying  from  1.5 
'to  5  per  cent. 

Alcohol.— Alcohol,  U.  S.  P. 

In  European  pharmacopeias  it  is  usually  designated  as 
Spiritus,  and  varies  considerably  in  strength. 

PROPERTIES  :  The  official  U.  S.  P.  alcohol  is  a  colorless  volatile 
liquid  containing  about  94.9  per  cent  by  volume  of  absolute 
ethyl  alcohol,  C2H6OH,  and  5.1  per  cent,  by  volume  of  water. 
It  has  a  characteristic  odor  and  burning  taste  and  is  miscible  in 
all  proportions  with  water,  ether  or  chloroform.  In  addition  to 
alcohol,  the  U.  S.  P  also  describes  absolute  alcohol,  used  as  a 
laboratory  reagent,  etc.,  and  also  diluted  alcohol  (approximately 
50  per  cent.)  used  in  pharmacy  as  a  menstruum. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Externally,  alcohol  is  a  rubefacient 
and  astringent,  and  by  its  evaporation,  a  refrigerant.  It 
is  used  to  harden  and  cleanse  the  skin;  as  a  mild  counter- 
irritant,  (soap  liniment),  etc.  In  the  concentration  of  70 
per  cent,  it  is  markedly  antiseptic  and  is  employed  in  sur- 
gery especially  as  Tincture  of  Green  Soap,  to  cleanse  the 
skin  of  patient  and  operator. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  17 

Internally,  it  is  a  narcotic,  excessive  doses  depressing  and 
paralyzing  the  central  nervoiis  system.  Small  doses  produce 
euphoria,  stimulate  respiration,  moderately  dilate  the  cuta- 
neous and  splanchnic  vessels,  and  modify  the  circulation. 
It  is  burned  in  the  body  and  thus  serves  to  a  restricted 
extent  as  a  source  of  energy. 

Alcohol  is  employed  as  a  diffusible  stimulant,  diuretic, 
diaphoretic  and  hypnotic.  In  well-selected  cases,  especially 
in  patients  accustomed  to  its  use,  it  may  be  very  valuable; 
otherwise  it  is  apt  to  do  more  harm  than  good.  In  practice 
it  is  usually  administered  in  the  form  of  whisky,  brandy, 
wine  or  other  alcohol-containing  beverages.  It  is  generally 
accepted,  however,  that  the  aromatic  principles  in  these 
several  articles  are  even  more  toxic  than  is  alcohol  itself, 
and  these  beverages  are  therefore  more  poisonous  than  equal 
amounts  of  alcohol  diluted  with  water. 

In  pharmacy  alcohol  is  used  as  a  solvent  and,  for  adminis- 
tering medicines,  is  largely  used  as  a  vehicle  in  the  form  of: 

Elixir  Aromaticum. — Aromatic  Elixir,  U.  S.  P. 

An  aromatic  and  sweetened  liquid  containing  about  25 
per  cent,  of  alcohol,  by  volume. 

Aloes.— Aloe,  U.  S.  P. 

The  inspissated  juice  of  various  species  of  Aloe  is  included 
in  all  the  pharmacopeias.  It  is  used  in  its  original  form, 
as  a  watery  extract  or  as  a  purified  extract  known  as  aloin. 

PROPERTIES  :  Aloes  differs  considerably  in  color  and  appear- 
ance, but  in  all  its  forms  it  has  a  rather  characteristic  odor 
and  a  nauseous,  very  bitter  taste.  Aloes  is  partially  soluble  in 
water. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Aloes  belongs  to  the  emodin  group 
of  cathartics  acting  on  the  large  intestine.  It  is  believed 
to  cause  pelvic  congestion  and  to  have  an  emmenagogue 
action.  Its  action  is  said  to  be  enhanced  by  the  addition  of 
soap  and  iron.  Its  purgative  action  is  slow,  evacuation 
occurring  only  after  some  hours,  the  stools  being  soft,  seldom 
watery. 

Aloes  is  adapted  to  the  treatment  of  constipation  by  daily 
laxative  action,  but  should  rarely  be  used  as  a  purgative, 
because  of  its  tendency  to  cause  griping.  Because  of  the 
pelvic  congestion  it  produces,  aloes  is  contra-indicated  in 
pregnancy  and  in-  the  presence  of  hemorrhoids.  It  is  an 
appropriate  remedy  in  functional  amenorrhea  if  the  produc- 
tion of  pelvic  congestion  is  deemed  advantageous. 

DOSAGE:  The  purgative  dose  of  aloes  is  from  0.15  to 
0.3  gm.  or  from  2  to  5  grains.  For  the  treatment  of  chronic 
constipation  smaller  doses,  0.03  to  0.05  gm.  or  ^  to  1 
grain,  should  be  used.  A  preparation  of  belladonna  is 
usually  combined  with  it. 

Extractum  Aloes. — Extract  of  Aloes,  U.  S.  P. 
DOSAGE:      0.10  gm.  or  2  grains. 


18  USEFUL     DRUGS 

Aloinum. — Aloin,  U.  S.  P. 

DOSAGE:  Purgative  dose  0.05  gm.  or  1  grain.  In  the 
treatment  of  chronic  constipation  aloin  is  frequently  given 
in  doses  of  from  0.005  to  0.02  gm.  or  1/10  to  1/3  grain  in 
combination  with  extract  of  belladonna  and  strychnin. 

gm.  or  c.c. 


0015  gr.  1/40 

02  gr.  1/3 

006  gr.  1/10 


15      Strychninae  sulphatis   .... 

Aloinae     

Extract!    belladonnae    .... 
Mix  and  make  1  pill  or  tablet. 

Take  1  after  supper  or  at  bedtime ;  if  at  bedtime,  with  plenty 
of  water  and  a  cracker,  or  at  least  never  on  an  empty  stomach. 


'    Alumen.— Alum,  U.  S.  P. 

Crystallized  potassium  aluminum  sulphate,  AlK(S04)o, 
12H2O. 

PROPERTIES  :  Alum  occurs  as  colorless  crystals  or  a  white 
powder  without  odor,  but  having  a  strongly  astringent  taste.  It 
is  freely  soluble  in  water,  practically  insoluble  in  alcohol.  It  con- 
tains about  45  per  cent,  of  water  of  hydration,  which  can  be 
removed  by  heat,  the  product  being  exsiccated  alum. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Alum  is  incompatible  with  alkalies 
and  carbonates,  which  react  with  it  with  the  formation  of 
insoluble  aluminum  hydroxid.  It  is  also  incompatible  with 
salts  of  lead  because  it  precipitates  the  insoluble  lead  sul- 
phate. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Alum  is  astringent,  styptic  and  hemo- 
static,  but  is  seldom  administered  internally. 

DOSAGE:  Alum  solution  may  be  used  as  a  gargle  (from 
1  to  5  per  cent.)  but  it  is  somewhat  injurious  to  the  teeth; 
it  may  be  given  as  an  injection  in  gonorrhea  (from  0.5  to 
1  per  cent.)  and  as  a  lotion  in  skin  diseases  (1  per  cent.). 

Alumen  Exsiccatum. — Exsiccated  Alum,  U.  S.  P. 

A  powder  representing  about  twice  its  weight  of  the 
crystallized  alum;  it  is  sometimes  used  externally  as  a 
dusting  powder  or  in  the  form  of  ointments. 

Alumini  Acetas. — Aluminum  Acetate. 
Used  principally   in   the  form  of: 

Liquor   Alumini   Acetatis. — Solution   of  Aluminum  Acetate, 
N.  F. 

PROPERTIES  :  A  clear,  colorless  solution,  containing  from  7.5 
to  8  per  cent,  of  basic  aluminum  acetate,  having  an  acetous  odor 
and  a  sweetish,  astringent  taste. 

ACTIONS  AND  USES:  Solution  of  aluminum  acetate  is 
used  extensively  at  the  present  time  as  a  mild  astringent 
and  antiseptic.  Because  of  the  readiness  with  which  this 
solution  is  decomposed  it  is  advisable  to  dilute  it  with  water 
only.  Applied  to  the  skin  it  should  be  diluted  from  four  to 
nine  times. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  10 

AMMONIUM    COMPOUNDS 

Ammonium  compounds  are  divisible  into  two  classes.  In 
the  first  class  the  ammonium  is  combined  with  a  strong  acid 
such  as  hydrochloric  or  sulphuric.  These  form  stable,  neu- 
tral salts  which  act  largely  by  their  salt  action.  In  tin- 
second  class,  the  ammonium  is  combined  with  a  weak  acid 
radical  such  as  hydroxyl  or  the  radical  of  carbonates.  These 
compounds  are  unstable,  decomposing  readily  with  liberation 
of  ammonia.  Such  compounds  produce  reflex  effects  by 
the  irritating  action  of  the  ammonia  evolved.  All  ammonium 
compounds  used  in  medicine  are  soluble  in  water  and  the 
carbonate  and  hydroxid  have  a  strong  alkaline  reaction. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Ammonium  salts,  when  injected  into 
the  circulation,  stimulate  the  central  nervous  system,  but 
they  are  so  rapidly  excreted  or  converted  into  urea  that  they 
cannot  produce  systemic  action  when  taken  by  mouth,  even 
though  they  are  absorbed  very  readily.  Their  effects  are, 
therefore,  entirely  local.  Ammonium  acetate  was  believed 
to  be  diaphoretic,  but  probably  has  little  value. 

The  neutral  salts  are  rather  irritant  and  thus  cause  a 
mild  stimulation  of  the  mucous  membanes,  explaining  the 
use  of  ammonium  chlorid  as  an  expectorant.  With  ammo- 
nium carbonate,  this  effect  is  reinforced  by  its  alkaline 
reaction,  through  which  it  liquefies  and  dissolves  mucus. 

Ammonia  (NH3). 

A  gas  which  is  very  soluble  in  alcohol  and  water  with 
formation  to  some  extent  of  NH4OH.  Water  of  ammonia 
and  the  several  preparations  containing  it  are  strongly 
alkaline. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  It  is  incompatible  with  acids,  neu- 
tralizing them  and  forming  the  salts  of  ammonium.  It  is 
also  incompatible  with  the  soluble  salts  of  many  metals 
because  it  precipitates  from  these  solutions  the  hydroxid  of 
the  metals.  Thus  ammonia  water  with  solution  of  ferric 
chlorid  produces  an  insoluble  precipitate  of  ferric  hydroxid. 
Solutions  of  ammonia  are  also  incompatible  with  the  salts 
of  alkaloids  from  which  they  liberate  the  alkaloid.  Thus 
ammonia  water  added  to  a  solution  of  strychnin  sulphate 
produces  a  precipitate  of  the  insoluble  alkaloid  strychnin. 

ACTIONS  AND  USES  :  Ammonia  internally  in  the  form  of 
water  of  ammonia  or  of  aromatic  spirit  of  ammonia  is 
stimulant,  because  the  ammonia  escaping  irritates  the 
mucous  membranes  of  the  nose  and  of  the  stomach  and 
causes  a  reflex  increase  in  the  force  of  the  heart  and  in  the 
blood-pressure.  Little,  if  any,  of  the  gas  is  absorbed  by 
the  respiratory  tract. 

Externally,  ammonia  is  used  as  a  counterirritant.  It 
reddens  the  skin  but  does  not  blister,  unless  applied  in 
concentrated  solution. 


20  USEFUL     DRUGS 

Aqua  Ammoniae. — Ammonia  Water,  U.  S.  P. 

An  aqueous  solution,  containing  about  10  per  cent,  by 
weight  of  ammonia  (NH3).  On  standing,  this  solution 
loses  ammonia  and  hence  should  be  kept  in  well- stoppered 
bottles  and  should  frequently  be  tested  by  the  pharmacist 
to  insure  its  complying  with  the  pharmacopeial  require- 
ments. Ammonia  water  is  a  colorless  liquid,  having  a  very 
pungent,  characteristic  odor  and  a  caustic,  soapy  taste.  It 
is  freely  miscible  with  water  and  alcohol. 

Ammonia  water  is  used  chiefly  for  counterirritation  in 
the  form  of: 

Linimentum  Ammoniae. — Ammonia  Liniment,  U.  S.  P. 

A  mixture  of  ammonia  water  35  parts,  alcohol  5  parts  and 
a  fatty  oil  60  parts. 

Ammonii   Acetas. — Ammonium   Acetate. 

Used  chiefly  in  the  form  of: 
Liquor  Ammonii  Acetatis. — Solution  of  Ammonium  Acetate, 

U.  S.  P. 

An  aqueous  solution  containing  about  7  per  cent,  of 
ammonium  acetate.  It  is  made  by  dissolving  ammonium 
carbonate  in  diluted  acetic  acid.  It  is  a  clear,  colorless 
liquid,  having  a  mildly  saline,  acidulous  taste  and  an  acid 
reaction.  It  is  incompatible  with  alkaline  hydroxids  and 
carbonates,  which  liberate  ammonia. 

ACTIONS  AND  USES:  Solution  of  ammonium  acetate  was 
formerly  credited  with  diaphoretic  and  diuretic  powers,  but 
they  are  very  weak.  It  is  used  in  fevers  and  infections  to 
promote  sweating. 

DOSAGE  :  15  c.c.  or  4  fluidrams,  which  can  be  repeated  once 
in  two  or  three  hours. 

Ammonii  Carbonas. — Ammonium  carbonate,  U.   S.  P. 

Ammonium  carbonate  consists  of  a  mixture  of  ammonium 
bicarbonate  and  ammonium  carbamate. 

PROPEKTIES  :  It  occurs  as  white,  hard  masses,  having  a  strong 
odor  of  ammonia  and  a  sharp,  saline  taste.  On  exposure  to  the 
air  the  salt  loses  both  ammonia  and  carbon  dioxid.  Ammonium 
carbonate  is  slowly  but  freely  soluble  in  water,  the  ammonium 
carbamate  being  thereby  converted  into  normal  ammonium  car- 
bonate. Alcohol  dissolves  the  carbamate  and  leaves  the  bicar- 
bonate. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Ammonium  carbonate  is  incompati- 
ble with  acids,  which  decompose  it,  forming  salts  of  ammo- 
nium and  evolving  carbon  dioxid  (CO2).  It  precipitates 
the  carbonate  or  the  hydroxid  of  most  metals  and  the  insol- 
uble alkaloids  from  solutions  of  their  salts. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Ammonium  carbonate  is  largely 
decomposed  (hydrolyzed)  when  dissolved  in  water,  and  its 
solutions  are  irritant  to  mucous  membranes  from  the  action 
of  the  ammonia  set  free.  It  is  used  by  inhalation  or  in 


USEFUL    DRUGS  21 

solutions  as  a  reflex  or  diffusible  stimulant  in  syncope,  or 
arrest  of  respiration,  and  as  a  liquefying  expectorant  in 
bronchitis. 

DOSAGE:  0.25  gm.  or  4  grains,  dissolved  in  sufficient 
water  to  avoid  too  great  irritation,  which  may  result  in 
nausea  and  vomiting.  On  the  other  hand,  as  the  action  of 
the  remedy  depends  on  its  irritating  qualities,  it  should  not 
be  too  greatly  diluted. 

Spiritus     Ammoniae      Aromaticus.  —  Aromatic     Spirit     of 
Ammonia,  U.  S.  P. 

A  solution  of  ammonium  carbonate  with  some  free 
ammonia  and  aromatic  oils  in  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  The  same  as  those  of  Ammonium 
Carbonate. 

DOSAGE:  From  1  to  5  c.c.  or  15  to  60  minims,  suitably 
diluted  with  water.  As  the  stimulating  action  is  of  short 
duration  a  moderate  dose  may  be  repeated  in  from  fifteen 
minutes  to  half  an  hour. 

Ammonii    Chloridum. — Ammonium   Chlorid,    U.    S.    P.,    NH4C1. 

PROPERTIES  :  Ammonium  chlorid  usually  occurs  as  a  white, 
crystalline  powder,  without  odor,  having  a  cooling,  saline  taste. 
It  is  freely  soluble  in  water  (1:2),  and  soluble  in  alcohol  (1:50), 
its  aqueous  solutions  being  neutral  or  very  slightly  acid  to  litmus. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  Ammonium  chlorid  is  incompatible 
with  alkaline  hydroxids  and  carbonates,  which  liberate 
ammonia.  It  precipitates  the  insoluble  chlorids  of  silver 
and  of  lead  from  solutions  of  the  salts  of  those  metals. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Ammonium  chlorid  is  said  to  be 
absorbed  more  quickly  than  any  other  salt,  and  in  general 
has  saline  properties.  Its  principal  activity  is  as  an  expec- 
torant, though  it  is  slightly  diuretic  and  diaphoretic.  Its 
vapors  have  been  used  for  inhalation  in  cases  of  nasopharyn- 
geal  catarrh  and  as  an  expectorant  in  bronchitis.  For 
this  purpose  it  may  also  be  generated  in  a  special  apparatus 
by  the  union  of  the  vapors  of  strong  hydrochloric  acid  and 
ammonia  water. 

DOSAGE:  From  0.30  to  1  gm.  (from  5  to  15  grains), 
repeated  every  two  or  three  hours,  or  less  frequently, 
depending  on  the  size  of  the  dose. 

Its  taste  is  best  concealed  or  modified  by  administering 
it  in  a  sour  mixture  as : 


IJ      Ammonii  chloridi  5 

Syrupi  acidi  citric!   50 


gm.  or  c.c. 


5  iss 
fl.Sii 
fl.5iv 


Aquae  q.s ad     100 

M.  et  Sig. :  A  teaspoonful,  in  water,  every  two  hours. 

To  the  preceding  prescription  codein  sulphate  may  be 
added,  if  desired.  The  amount  of  citric  acid  should  be 
diminished  when  the  prescription  is  for  a  child,  and  after 
the  child  has  taken  a  dose  of  it  he  could  be  given  a  piece 
of  chocolate  or  a  simple  peppermint  or  wintergreen  lozenge. 


22  USEFUL     DRUGS 

NITRITES 

The  Nitrites  used  in  medicine  are  certain  salts  or  esters 
of  nitrous  acid  and  possess  a  common  pharmacologic  action. 
This  group  also  includes  certain  organic  nitrates  which  are 
reduced  to  nitrites  in  the  organism.  The  chief  members 
are  amyl  nitrite,  sodium  nitrite  and  glycerol  nitrate 
(glyceryl  trinitrate  or  nitroglycerin ) . 

The  characteristic  action  of  this  group  is  vasodilatation 
with  a  fall  of  the  blood-pressure.  The  members  differ 
chiefly  in  the  rapidity  and  duration  of  their  effects,  amyl 
nitrite  being  the  quickest,  though  its  action  is  of  correspond- 
ingly short  duration. 

Amylis  Nitris. — Amyl  Nitrite,  U.  S.  P. 

PROPERTIES  :  A  liquid  containing  about  80  per  cent,  of  amyl 
(chiefly  iso-amyl)  nitrite.  It  should  be  kept  in  hermetically 
sealed  glass  bulbs  or  in  dark,  amber-colored,  glass-stoppered  vials. 
in  a  cool,  dark  place.  Amyl  nitrite  is  a  clear,  yellowish  liquid 
of  a  peculiar,  ethereal,  fruity  odor  and  a  pungent,  aromatic 
taste.  It  is  very  volatile  even  at  low  temperatures,  and  is  inflam- 
mable. It  Is  practically  insoluble  in  water,  but  miscible  in  all 
proportions  with  alcohol  or  ether. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  When  given  by  inhalation,  amyl 
nitrite  produces  an  almost  instantaneous  dilatation  of  the 
peripheral  blood-vessels,  shown  by  redness  of  the  skin  begin- 
ning in  the  head  and  neck,  rapidly  spreading  over  the  body 
and  sometimes  extending  to  the  lower  extremities.  This  is 
promptly  followed  by  a  dilatation  of  the  splanchnic  and 
other  vessels  so  that  the  blood-pressure  soon  falls.  The 
lowered  pressure  increases  the  heart-rate.  There  is  a  feeling 
of  fulness  in  the  head,  often  accompanied  by  headache.  The 
breathing  is  rapid.  With  excessive  doses  unconsciousness 
may  supervene,  and  convulsions  may  occasionally  occur  after 
toxic  doses.  Large  doses  kill  by  respiratory  paralysis.  It 
may  produce  methemoglobin  in  the  blood  and  cause  the 
excretion  of  sugar  in  the  urine.  As  much  as  0.6  c.c.  may  be 
inhaled  without  dangerous  results. 

The  effects  of  the  medicinal  administration  of  amyl 
nitrite  are  very  transient.  It  is  employed  to  relieve  spasm 
in  epilepsy,  sometimes  averting  an  expected  paroxysm.  It 
is  also  used  to  relax  the  spasm  of  the  blood-vessels  in  angina 
pectoris  and  in  other  painful  affections  in  which  there  is 
reason  to  believe  that  the  pain  depends  on  arterial  spasm. 

Amyl  nitrite  is  given  to  reduce  the  blood-pressure  in 
cases  in  which  hemorrhage  is  due  to  the  rupture  of  a  blood- 
vessel in  the  lungs,  brain  or  other  organ  in  consequence 
of  elevated  blood  pressure,  but  in  hemorrhage  with  normal 
blood-pressure  it  may  do  harm.  It  has  been  used  with 
favorable  results  in  bronchial  asthma. 

DOSAGE:  0.2  c.c.  or  3  minims,  by  inhalation.  It  is  con- 
veniently carried  in  the  form  of  glass  pearls,  each  pearl 
containing  a  dose.  When  required  the  pearl  is  crushed  in 
the  handkerchief  ami  the  contents  inhaled. 


USEFUL    DRUGS  23 

Amylum. — Starch — Corn-Starch,  U.  S.  P. 

The  starch  grains  obtained  from  the  fruit  of  Zea  mays 
occur  in  the  form  of  powder  or  irregular,  angular,  white 
masses,  insoluble  in  both  water  and  alcohol,  but  swelling 
into  a  colloidal  "paste'5  when  boiled  in  water. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Dry  starch  is  used  as  a  dusting  and 
drying  powder  and  also  as  a  diluent  for  other  more  active 
substances.  The  mucilage  produced  on  boiling,  with  water 
or  glycerol  is  employed  as  an  emollient  and  protective; 
as  a  cataplasm,  and  as  an  antidote  to  iodin  poisoning.  The 
starches  from  other  cereals,  from  cassava  and  the  potato 
have  practically  the  same  medicinal  properties  as  corn- 
starch. 

Antimonii    et    Potassii    Tartras.— Antimony    and    Potassium 
Tartrate,  U.  S.  P.,  Tartar  Emetic. 

Antimony  and  potassium  tartrate  is  a  double  salt  of 
antimony  and  potassium  with  the  radical  of  tartaric 
acid. 

PROPERTIES  :  It  occurs  as  a  white  powder  or  as  colorless  trans- 
parent crystals,  becoming  white  and  opaque  on  exposure  to  the 
air.  It  is  soluble  in  water,  but  practically  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  It  is  incompatible  with  alkalies  and 
their  carbonates,  tannic  acid  and  astringent  preparations 
generally. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Antimony  and  Potassium  Tartrate, 
when  applied  to  the  skin,  gives  rise  slowly  to  inflammatory 
changes,  with  pustules  and  ulceration,  which  is  somewhat 
difficult  to  limit.  The  ointment  formerly  employed  as  a 
pustulant  counterirritant  is  now  rarely  used. 

Internally  it  produces  local  irritation  of  the  gastro- 
intestinal tract,  and  thereby  nausea  and  vomiting  with 
marked  prostration.  If  absorbed,  symptoms  very  similar  to 
those  produced  by  poisonous  doses  of  arsenic  are  observed. 

The  therapeutic  uses  of  tartar  emetic  are  almost  entirely 
confined  to  the  treatment  of  the  first  stage  of  acute  laryn- 
gitis and  bronchitis.  It  should  be  avoided  in  cases  marked 
by  depression.  When  it  is  given,  the  object  should  be  to 
increase  secretion  and  facilitate  the  expulsion  of  sputum. 
The  administration  of  tartar  emetic  should  not  be  carried 
beyond  the  production  of  slight  nausea.  For  the  production 
of  vomiting  other  agents  are  preferable. 

DOSAGE:  As  an  expectorant  small  doses  should  be  used, 
beginning  with  0.001  gm.  or  1/60  grain,  which  may  be 
repeated  hourly,  taking  care  to  avoid  too  great  depression. 
The  emetic  dose  is  0.03  gm.  or  %  grain. 

Vinum,  Antimonii. — Wine  of  antimony,  U.  S.  P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  contain  0.4  gm.  of  antimony  and  potas- 
sium tartrate  in  white  wine  fortified  by  alcohol.  This 
preparation  is  practically  identical  with  the  antimonial 
wine  official  in  other  countries. 


24  USEFUL    DRUGS 

DOSAGE:  1  c.c.  or  15  minims,  equivalent  to  0.004  gm.  or 
1/15  grain  of  antimonium  and  potassium  tartrate.  As  an 
expectorant  smaller  Closes  such  as  0.2  c.c.  or  3  minims  should 
be  employed. 

Apomorphmae    Hydrochloridum.  —  Apomorphine    Hydrochlorid, 
U.  S.  P. 

The  hydrochlorid  of  an  artificial  alkaloid  prepared  from 
morphin  by  the  abstraction  of  one  molecule  of  water. 

PROPERTIES  :  Apomorphin  hydrochlorid  occurs  as  minute, 
grayish-white  prisms,  having  a  slightly  bitter  taste  and  acquiring 
a  greenish  tint  on  exposure  to  light  and  air.  It  is  soluble  in  both 
water  and  alcohol.  If  the  salt  imparts  at  once  an  emerald-green 
color  to  100  parts  of  water  it  should  be  rejected.  The  amor- 
phous form  may  contain  dangerous  impurities. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  It  is  precipitated  by  alkalies  and 
the  other  alkaloidal  reagents.  Solutions  decompose  rather 
readily. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  The  chief  action  of  apomorphin  is 
the  production  of  vomiting  with  its  usual  accompanying 
symptoms,  including  nausea  with  increase  of  saliva  and 
other  secretions,  depression  of  the  circulation,  sweating,  etc. 
It  sometimes  produces  respiratory  paralysis,  even  in  small 
doses. 

The  drug  is  used  chiefly  as  an  emetic.  For  this  purpose 
it  has  the  advantage  that  it  acts  on  the  vomiting  center, 
independently  of  a  local  action  on  the  stomach.  It  produces 
a  prompt  emptying  of  the  stomach  with  little  subsequent 
sickness,  unless  the  dose  is  large.  It  is  therefore  a  useful 
emetic  in  poisoning,  if  the  stomach-tube  cannot  be  employed. 
It  has  been  advised  for  the  expulsion  of  foreign  bodies  from 
the  air-passages.  As  an  expectorant  it  is  inferior  to  other 
nauseants. 

It  is  said  to  be  sometimes  useful  in  asthma.  Small  doses 
(0.002  gm.,  1/30  grain)  are  hypnotic,  especially  in  acute 
alcoholism. 

DOSAGE:  The  emetic  dose  is  0.005  gm.  or  1/10  grain, 
given  preferably  by  hypodermic  injection.  This  may  be 
repeated  at  ten-minute  intervals  until  effective,  but  it  should 
be  remembered  that  in  some  cases  apomorphin  produces  toxic 
effects  without  causing  vomiting,  and  a  dose  of  0.004  gm.  or 
1/15  grain  is  said  to  have  produced  death  in  a  person 
enfeebled  by  chronic  bronchitis;  0.012  or  1/5  grain  may  be 
given  to  robust  patients  at  the  first  dose  if  the  urgency  of 
the  case  demands  it,  but  care  should  be  exercised  in  the  use 
of  these  doses. 

As  an  expectorant  the  proper  dose  is  from  0.001  gm.  to 
0.002  gm.  or  from  1/60  to  1/30  grain,  repeated  once  an 
hour  or  once  in  two  hours,  with  the  avoidance  of  more  than 
slight  nausea. 

Antipyrina. — Antipyrine,  U.  S.  P. 

This  substance  is  described  in  the  British  Pharmacopeia 
as  phenazonum  and  in  the  German  Pharmacopeia  and  some 


USEFUL     DRUGS  25 

other    European    pharmacopeias    as    pyrazolomim    phenyldi- 
methylicum. 

PROPERTIES  :  Antipyrin  occurs  as  a  colorless,  almost  odorless, 
crystalline  powder  or  tabular  crystals  having  a  slightly  bitter 
taste.  It  is  very  soluble  in  water  and  freely  soluble  in  alcohol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Antipyrin  is  incompatible  with  spirit 
of  nitrous  ether,  or  other  nitrites,  tannic  acid  and  tannic- 
acid  containing  preparations.  Mixed  dry  with  sodium  sali- 
cylate,  it  liquefies  on  standing. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Antipyrin  is  an  antipyretic  and 
analgesic,  acting  similarly  to  acetanilid. 

It  is  used  for  the  relief  of  pain,  chiefly  when  of  a  neural- 
gic character.  It  is  not  suited  to  the  treatment  of  the  pain 
caused  by  inflammation. 

Antipyrin  is  now  seldom  used  as  an  antipyretic.  Locally, 
it  is  used  sometimes  as  a  hemostatic.  It  is  a  valuable  anti- 
spasmodic  for  use  with  children  for  pertussis,  bronchitis,  etc. 
It  is  dangerous,  however,  in  preparations  sold  directly  to  the 
laity. 

DOSAGE:  0.25  gm.  or  4  grains,  given  with  even  greater 
caution  than  acetanilid  and  acetphenetidin.  It  is  best- 
administered  by  itself  in  simple  solution,  or  in  powders, 
capsules  or  cachets. 

Aqua.— Water,  U.  S.  P. 

Water  is  described  by  the  Pharmacopeia  as  potable  water 
in   its   purest  obtainable   state.     Water  used   for   medicines 
should  be  sterile;   it  is  preferable  to  use: 
Aqua  Destillata.— Distilled  Water,  U.  S.  P. 

Distilled  water  is  described  as  a  colorless,  limpid  liquid, 
without  odor  or  taste,  and  perfectly  neutral  to  litmus 
paper.  For  some  purposes  (in  making  solutions  of  salvar- 
san,  for  example),  it  is  essential  that  it  be  freshly  distilled. 
Ordinary  distilled  water  frequently  is  not  sterile. 

AQUAE— WATERS 

The  official  medicated  waters  are  aqueous  solutions  of 
volatile  substances.  The  aromatic  waters  are  saturated 
solutions  of  volatile  oils.  They  are  used  as  vehicles  for  the 
more  active,  water-soluble  drugs.  For  preparations  included 
in  this  list  see: 

Aqua  Ammoniac,  under  Ammonia. 

Aqua  Camphorae,  under  Camphora. 

Aqua  Chloroformi,  under  Chloroformum. 

Aqua   Cinnamomi,  under   Cinnamomum. 

Aqua  Destillata,  under  Aqua. 

Aqua  Hydrogenii  Dioxidi. — See  under  Hydrogenii  Diox- 
idum. 

Aqua   Menthae   Piperitae,  under  Mentha  Piperita. 

Aqua  Rosae,  under  Rosa. 

Argenti  Nitras. — Silver  Nitrate,  U.   S.   P.,   Lunar  Caustic. 

PROPERTIES  :  Silver  nitrate,  AgNO3,  occurs  in  colorless,  crystal- 
line tables,  becoming  gray,  or  grayish  black  on  exposure  to  light 


26  USEFUL     DRUGS 

in  the  presence  of  organic  matter.  It  is  odorless  and  has  a  bit- 
ter, caustic,  and  strongly  metallic  taste.  It  is  very  soluble  in 
water  and  soluble  in  alcohol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Silver  nitrate  is  incompatible  with 
soluble  chlorids,  bromids  and  iodids,  with  which  it  forms  the 
corresponding  very  insoluble  salts  of  silver.  It  is  also  incom- 
patible with  soluble  carbonates  and  hydroxids,  which 
precipitate  the  oxid  of  silver,  and  with  all  organic  drugs 
and  reducing  agents. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Silver  nitrate  is  an  antiseptic  and 
germicide,  destroying  many  micro-organisms  in  solutions  of 
a  strength  of  1  :  1,000  and  preventing  their  growth  in  a 
strength  of  1  :  10,000.  Weak  solutions  are  astringent  to 
mucous  membranes  and  strong  solutions  are  caustic  when 
applied  to  mucous  membranes,  denuded  surfaces,  and,  in 
some  cases,  to  the  normal  skin.  When  taken  internally 
silver  nitrate  is  believed  to  hinder  the  secretion  of  the 
gastric  juice,  especially  when  the  degree  of  acidity  is 
excessive. 

Silver  nitrate  is  used  as  a  mild  caustic  to  wounds,  ulcers 
and  exuberant  granulations.  It  is  applied  as  an  astringent 
and  antiseptic  in  catarrhal  infections  of  the  mucous  mem- 
branes. 

Internally  it  is  sometimes  employed  as  an  astringent  in 
diarrhea,  but  its  use  for  this  purpose  is  not  to  be  recom- 
mended. It  has  been  advised  for  the  treatment  of  gastric 
ulcer  and  to  reduce  the  gastric  secretion  in  hyperchlorhydria. 
Its  internal  use  for  some  time  may  be  followed  by  its 
deposition  in  the  skin,  producing  the  condition  known  as 
argyria. 

DOSAGE:  As  a  caustic,  silver  nitrate  is  used  in  the  form 
of  fused  silver  nitrate.  This  should  be  moistened  before 
use  and  should  be  held  with  forceps  or  in  a  suitable  holder. 
Care  should  be  taken  to  limit  its  action  to  the  affected  part. 

In  applications  to  mucous  membranes  the  following 
strengths  of  solution  in  water  are  most  suitable: 

To  the  conjunctiva  a  strength  of  4  per  cent,  may  be 
applied  in  small  quantity  and  the  action  stopped  by  addi- 
tion of  solution  of  sodium  chlorid.  This  method  of  use  is 
applicable  to  cases  of  severe  conjunctivitis,  especially 
gonorrhea!. 

For  the  prevention  of  gonorrheal  conjunctivitis  in  the 
new-born  a  drop  of  2  per  cent,  solution  should  be  instilled 
into  the  eye  as  soon  as  practicable  after  delivery. 

For  other  diseases  of  the  conjunctiva,  solutions  varying 
in  strength  from  0.2  to  2  per  cent,  are  sometimes  used, 
but  it  is  probable  that  other  astringents  are  safer  and 
quite  as  useful. 

To  the  larynx,  application  is  made  of  solutions  contain- 
ing from  2  to  10  per  cent,  of  silver  nitrate. 

For  the  urethra,  it  is  employed  in  the  strength  of  from 
1  : 10,000  to  1  -.2,000,  and  a  solution  of  the  strength  of 
1  : 5,000  may  be  injected  into  the  bladder.  A  solution  of 


USEFUL     DRUGS  27 

from  1  : 2,000  to  1  : 1,000  is  used  as  a  gastric  douche  in 
hyperchlorhydria  and  gastric  ulcer,  followed  after  two  min- 
utes by  a  solution  of  sodium  chlorid  which  is  thoroughly 
mixed  with  the  silver  solution  and  then  washed  out  of  tho 
stomach. 

Solutions  of  silver  nitrate  should  always  be  made  witli 
distilled  water,  and  the  mucous  membranes  to  which  they 
are  to  be  applied  should  receive  a  preliminary  cleansing  to 
remove  mucus,  pus,  food,  etc.,  which  might  interfere  with 
its  action.  The  action  may  be  stopped  by  sodium  chlorid 
solution. 

Internally  the  salt  may  be  given  in  pill  form,  preferably 
mixed  with  kaolin  and  massed  with  petrolatum.  The  aver- 
age dose  is  0.01  gin.  or  1/5  grain.  This  dose  may  also  be 
given  in  solution  when  the  direct  effect  on  the  stomach  is 
desired.  If  the  stomach  contains  acid  it  would  be- con- 
verted into  silver  chlorid;  hence  it  should  be  given  on  an 
empty  stomach. 

Argenti  Nitras  Fusus. — Molded  Silver  Nitrate,  U.  S.  P. 

A  white,  hard  solid  generally  in  the  form  of  pencils  or 
cones.  A  small  amount  of  silver  chlorid  is  added  in  tho 
process  for  the  purpose  of  toughening  the  mass. 

Argenti  Proteinas. — Silver  Proteinate;  see  Protargol,  N.  N.  R. 
Aristol. — See  Thymolis  lodidum. 

Arseni  Trioxidum. — Arsenic  Trioxid,  U.  S.  P.,  As2Os.    Formerly 
official  as  arsenous  acid. 

PROPERTIES  :  Arsenic  trioxid  occurs  as  an  opaque,  white 
powder  or  in  irregular  masses  of  two  varieties,  one  amorphous, 
the  other  crystalline,  opaque  and  colorless  like  glass.  Arsenic 
trioxid  is  very  slowly  soluble  in  water  and  practically  insoluble 
in  alcohol  (1:30  to  1:100).  It  dissolves  quite  readily  in  solu- 
tions of  acids  or  alkalies. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  Solutions  of  arsenic  are  incompatible 
with  salts  of  iron  and  of  magnesium,  lime-water  and  vege- 
table astringents. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Local  External  Effects  and  Uses: 
Arsenic  trioxid  applied  to  denuded  or  ulcerated  tissue  has  a 
mildly  caustic  action  which  is  quite  painful.  It  has  been 
used  as  a  caustic,  especially  to  malignant  growths,  but  the 
painful  character  of  the  applications,  the  danger  of  absorp- 
tion, and  the  uncertain  extent  of  the  destructive  action  have 
justly  limited  its  use. 

Internal  Actions :  Ars'enic  trioxid  irritates  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  stomach  and  intestines.  Toxic  doses 
cause  nausea  and  vomiting  and  colicky  pains  in  the  abdo- 
men. It  produces  a  diarrhea  of  a  watery  character  resem- 
bling that  of  cholera.  In  small  doses  it  produces  fatty 
degeneration  of  the  liver  and  other  internal  organs;  large 
doses  produce  great  depression,  and  collapse  may  ensue. 

Arsenic  in  therapeutic  doses  is  employed  in  the  treatment 
of  neuralgia.  It  is  thought  to  be  especially  adapted  to 


28  USEFUL     DRUGS 

cases  of  a  periodic  character.  It  is  also  useful  in  the 
treatment  of  chorea.  Larger  doses,  especially  if  long  con- 
tinued, may  cause  peripheral  neuritis.  Arsenic  stimulates 
the  action  of  the  blood-forming  organs,  especially  the  bone- 
marrow.  It  is  especially  useful  in  the  treatment  of  per- 
nicious anemia,  leukemia  and  Hodgkin's  disease.  In  these 
diseases  it  must  be  used  in  as  large  doses  as  can  be  borne. 
While  improvement  occurs  in  these  conditions  under  the 
use  of  arsenic  it  is  usually  only  temporary. 

Many  skin-diseases  are  favorably  influenced  by  proper 
doses  of  arsenic.  It  acts  by  stimulating  the  skin,  in  such 
cases  as  usually  require  external  stimulating  applications. 
It  is  also  of  service  in  lesions  due  to  disturbances  of  inner- 
vation  in  which  the  skin  is  usually  poorly  nourished.  The 
following  skin  affections  may  be  mentioned  as  likely  to  be 
benefited  by  arsenic:  psoriasis,  lichen  planus,  chronic  eczema, 
pemphigus,  dermatitis  herpetiiormis,  chronic  urticaria  and 
disturbances  of  the  sweat  function.  On  the  other  hand, 
acute  inflammatory  conditions  of  the  skin  are  made  worse 
by  arsenic. 

Arsenic  is  recommended  in  chronic  bronchitis  and  emphy- 
sema. It  has  been  used  with  apparent  good  results  in 
tuberculosis.  Too  great  dependence,  however,  should  not 
be  placed  on  it  in  the  latter  affection.  It  is  used  in  asthma 
by  way  of  the  stomach  and  in  the  form  of  cigarettes. 

Arsenic  is  a  powerful  remedy  against  protozoal  affections. 
These  include  malaria,  syphilis  and  relapsing  fever.  In 
the  form  of  arsenic  trioxid  it  has  been  used  successfully  in 
malaria,  particularly  in  the  chronic  form  and  in  malarial 
cachexia.  See  Salvarsan. 

DOSAGE:  For  ordinary  affections  of  metabolism  or  for 
a  tonic  influence  the  dose  may  vary  from  0.001  to  0.002  gm. 
or  1/60  to  1/30  grain.  In  diseases  of  the  blood  the  dosage 
should  be  regulated  according  to  the  effect,  but  it  is  well 
to  use  as  large  doses  as  the  patient  will  tolerate.  Arsenic 
may  be  used  in  increasing  doses  until  symptoms  of  mild 
intoxication  appear.  One  may  begin  with  0.005  gm.  or  1/20 
grain  of  arsenic  trioxid  three  times  daily,  and  increase  by 
0.001  gm.  or  1/60  grain  three  times  daily.  In  using  Fowler's 
solution  the  initial  dose  may  be  3  minims  three  times  daily 
and  increase  by  1  minim  three  times  daily.  A  slight  toxic 
action  is  indicated  by  nausea,  colicky  pains  or  a  puffiness 
under  the  eyes.  The  presence  of  albumin  in  the  urine  may 
also  be  observed.  Such  symptoms  may  make  advisable 
the  temporary  withdrawal  of  the  remedy. 

Liquor  Potassii  Arsenitis. — Solution  of  Potassium  Arsenite, 

U.  S.  P.,  Fowler's  Solution. 

An  aqueous  solution  containing  potassium  arsenite,  cor- 
responding to  1  per  cent,  of  arsenic  trioxid. 

DOSAGE:     0.2  c.c.  or  3  minims. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  29 

This  solution  is  often  somewhat  alkaline  and  is  therefore 
incompatible  with  alkaloidal  salts.  This  is  avoided  in  the 
following : 

Liquor  Acidi  Arsenosi. — Solution  of  Arsenous  Acid.,  U.  S.  P. 

An  aqueous  solution  containing  the  equivalent  of  1  per 
cent,  of  arsenic  trioxid  with  5  per  cent,  of  hydrochloric 
acid. 

DOSAGE:      0.2  c.c.  or  3  minims. 

Liquor  Arseni  et  Hydrargyri  lodidi. — Solution  of  Arsenous 
and  Mercuric  lodids,  U.  S.  P. 

Commonly  designated  as  Donovan's  solution;  represents  1 
per  cent,  of  arsenous  iodid  and  1  per  cent,  of  mercuric  iodid. 

DOSAGE:     0.1  c.c.  or  1%  minims. 
Asafoetida. — Asafetida,  U.   S.  P. 

A  gum  resin  obtained  from  the  roots  of  Ferula  foctida 
and  probably  other  species  of  Ferula,. 

PBOPERTIES  :  A  good  quality  of  asafetida  should  contain  not 
less  than  50  per  cent,  of  matter  soluble  in  alcohol  and  should 
yield  not  more  than  10  per  cent,  of  ash.  The  gum  of  asafetida 
is  freely  soluble  in  cold  or  hot  water  and  is  present  in  sufficient 
amount  to  suspend  in  the  form  of  a  permanent  emulsion  the 
accompanying  resin  and  volatile  oil. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Asafetida  is  used  in  the  treatment 
of  hysteria,  acting  probably  by  its  odor.  It  is  also  car- 
minative. 

DOSAGE:  0.25  gm.  or  4  grains — preferably  in  pill  form. 
In  tympanites  an  emulsion  may  be  used  as  an  enema.  The 
emulsion  is  made  by  triturating  4  gm.  of  a  good  quality  of 
the  drug  with  100  c.c.  of  water  until  a  uniform  emulsion 
results.  The  strength  may  be  varied  to  meet  individual 
requirements. 

Aspidium. — Aspidium,  U.  S.  P.,  Male  Fern. 

The  dried  rhizome  of  several  species  of  Dryopteris;  used 
only  in  the  form  of: 

Oleoresina  Aspidii. — Oleoresin  of  Aspidium,  U.  S.  P. 

An  oleoresin  prepared  by  extracting  aspidium  with  acet- 
one, evaporating  and  recovering  the  solvent. 

PROPERTIES  :  The  most  important  constituent  of  male  fern  is 
fllicic  acid. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Ordinarily  the  active  constituents  of 
aspidium  are  not  absorbed  and  produce  no  symptoms  except 
some  nausea.  If  absorption  occurs,  violent  symptoms  of 
poisoning  may  ensue.  The  symptoms  are  excessive  vomiting 
and  purging,  great  weakness,  spasms  in  the  extremities, 
convulsions,  stupor  deepening  into  coma  and  collapse.  Dis- 
turbances of  sight  and  hearing  may  occur  and  permanent 
blindness  sometimes  follows.  Jaundice  has  been  observed. 


30  USEFUL     DRUGS 

Oleoresin  of  aspidium  is  used  as  a  teniacide  against  ordi- 
nary tapeworm,  but  it  is  said  to  be  more  efficient  against 
the  Bothrioccphalus  than  against  ordinary  tenias. 

DOSAGE:  2  gm.  or  30  grains  is  given  by  the  Pharmacopeia, 
but  most  authorities  recommend  a  larger  dose.  The  dose 
should  be  proportioned  to  the  strength  and  health  of  the 
patient.  Robust  males  can  take  as  much  as  8  gm.  or  2 
liuidrams,  while  women  should  be  given  smaller  doses  and 
special  caution  should  be  exercised  in  administering  the  drug 
to  anemic  or  debilitated  persons.  Children  of  4  years  may 
take  4  gm.  or  60  grains. 

Before  this  remedy  is  given,  the  alimentary  canal  should 
be  emptied  by  a  light  diet  or  fasting  for  twenty-four  hours 
and  the  administration  of  a  saline  cathartic  in  the  morning 
before  the  anthelmintic  is  given.  The  drug  should  be  given 
early  in  the  morning  and  is  best  directed  to  be  taken  in 
capsules  containing  0.3  gm.  or  5  grains,  or  in  the  form  of 
emulsion.  The  total  quantity  may  be  given  in  divided  doses 
at  intervals  of  fifteen  minutes  and  the  last  dose  followed 
in  three  hours  by  a  saline  laxative.  Castor  oil  or  other 
fixed  oils  should  not  be  given,  because  they  favor  the  absorp- 
tion of  the  active  principle. 

A  dose  of  8  gm.  or  2  drams  has  been  fatal  to  a  child  and 
25  gm.  or  6  drams  have  several  times  proved  fatal  to  adults. 

Aspirin.— Aspirin,  N.  N.  R.,  Acetyl salicylic  Acid,  C6H40(CH3CO) 
COOH. 

The  acetic  acid  ester  of  salicylic  acid. 

PEOPEETIES  :  Aspirin  occurs  as  a  crystalline,  odorless  powder 
with  a  faintly  acidulous  taste.  It  is  slightly  soluble  in  water 
(1 :100)  and  freely  soluble  in  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Aspirin  acts  like  salicylic  acid  and 
the  salicylates,  but  is  claimed  to  be  less  disturbing  to  the 
stomach.  It  is  used  as  an  antipyretic,  analgesic  and  anti- 
rheumatic.  It  is  much  used  for  the  relief  of  headache  and 
other  painful  affections. 

DOSAGE:  0.3  to  1  gm.  or  5  to  15  grains,  repeated  once  in 
3  hours  until  symptoms  of  salicylism  (ringing  in  the  ears, 
etc.)  are  noted. 

Atoxyl. — See  Sodii  Arsanilas. 

Atropina. — Atropine,  U.   S.   P. 

An  alkaloid  obtained  from  Atropa  belladonna  and  from 
other  solanaceous  plants. 

PROPERTIES  :  The  alkaloid  itself  is  only  slightly  soluble  iu 
water  and  is  usually  prescribed  in  the  form  of  one  of  Its  salts, 
which  are  readily  soluble. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Solutions  of  atropin  are  stated  to 
be  incompatible  with  alkalies.  While  no  precipitate  of  the 
alkaloid  would  form,  unless  the  solution  were  more  concen- 
trated than  those  ordinarily  used  in  medicine,  the  alkaloid 
in  the  presence  of  alkalies  is  likely  to  be  decomposed. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  31 

Solutions  of  the  alkaloid  are  also  incompatible  with  tannic 
acid,  with  LugoPs  solution,  and  with  potassiomercuric  iodid, 
which  precipitate  compounds  of  the  alkaloid,  and  with  salts 
of  mercury,  such  as  the  chlorid,  which  decomposes  it. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Atropin  and  the  related  alkaloids 
act  on  the  sympathetic  and  especially  on  the  autonomic  nerv- 
ous system.  If  the  ordinary  stimulation  of  these  nerves 
causes  motor  or  secretory  activity,  the  use  of  atropin  will 
inhibit  it,  and  if  the  normal  action  of  the  nerve  is  inhibitory, 
atropin  removes  the  inhibition. 

The  alkaloid  produces  a  cerebral  stimulation  which  shows 
itself  by  quickened  thought  and  speech,  eventuating  in  a 
peculiar  talkative  delirium  with  hallucinations.  Larger 
doses  produce  unconsciousness  and  occasional  convulsions. 

Atropin  checks  the  secretion  of  saliva  so  that  the  mouth 
and  throat  become  dry.  This  dryness  is  due  to  some  extent 
to  a  similar  effect  on  the  mucous  secretions  of  the  mouth, 
throat  and  nose.  As  an  application  of  this  action,  the  drug 
is  occasionally  used  to  check  excessive  secretion  of  saliva  in 
ptyalism,  mercurial  salivation,  etc.  It  is  also  used  in  coryza, 
especially  in  the  first  stage,  to  lessen  the  congestion  and 
excessive  secretion  of  the  nasal  mucus.  It  is  held  by  some 
to  be  very  useful  in  sore  throat.  It  is  used  in  case  of 
excessive  expectoration  in  bronchitis,  bronchorrhea,  etc.  It 
also  checks  the  secretion  of  saliva  and  mucus  during  anes- 
thesia in  operations  on  the  throat,  larynx,  etc. 

Atropin  lessens  the  secretion  of  hydrochloric  acid  by  the 
stomach.  It  is  given  for  this  purpose  in  hyperchlorhydria, 
gastric  ulcer,  etc.  While  it  has  a  decided  effect  on  the  secre- 
tion, its  use  should  not  be  continued  for  a  long  time.  It 
lessens  the  secretion  of  the  pancreatic  juice,  or  at  least  pre- 
vents the  increase  that  follows  the  ingestion  of  physostigmin 
and  other  drugs,  but  does  not  prevent  the  action  of  secretin. 
It  is  doubtful  whether  it  has  any  effect  on  bile.  It  is  said 
not  to  affect  the  secretion  of  intestinal  mucus.  It  relaxes 
spasm  of  the  intestinal  musculature  and  in  small  doses  favors 
the  normal  peristalsis.  It  is  therefore  of  great  service  in 
spasmodic  affections  of  the  stomach  and  intestine.  It  may  be 
prescribed  in  colic,  painful  spasms  due  to  gastric,  duodenal 
or  intestinal  ulcers,  spastic  constipation,  etc.  It  is  a  service- 
able anodyne  in  gall-stone  colic  and  may  render  the  use  of 
morphin  unnecessary. 

In  small  or  moderate  doses  it  acts  as  a  respiratory  stim- 
ula^t,  but  large  doses  cause  respiratory  paralysis.  It  may 
be  employed  with  good  effect  in  cases  in  which  the  respira- 
tion is  embarrassed  from  other  than  mechanical  agents. 
It  is  used  for  this  purpose  in  morphin  poisoning,  but  it 
should  be  administered  with  great  care  on  account  of  the 
respiratory  depression  caused  by  large  doses.  To  obviate  the 
effect  of  morphin  on  the  respiration  it  is  given  with  the 
latter  drug  in  hypodermic  injections.  It  has  also  been  given 
with  morphin  as  a  preliminary  to  anesthesia  by  ether;  in 
such,  cases  it  also  serves  to  lessen  the  salivary  and  bron- 
chial secretions. 


32  USEFUL     DRUGS 

By  paralyzing  the  vagus  endings  atropin  increases  the 
rapidity  of  the  heart-beat.  Its  depressant  action  on  the 
vagus  is  made  use  of  in  the  diagnosis  of  certain  disturbances 
of  the  cardiac  rhythm,  particularly  bradycardia.  If  the 
slow  pulse  is  due  to  an  organic  lesion  of  the  conducting 
mechanism  (heart-block),  it  will  persist  in  spite  of  the 
action  of  atropin,  but  if  it  is  due  to  vagal  stimulation, 
an  increased  rate  usually  results  from  an  effective  dose. 

Atropin  in  moderate  doses  relaxes  the  blood-vessels  of 
the  skin  so  that  the  skin,  especially  of  the  face  and  upper 
extremities,  becomes  red,  sometimes  showing  an  eruption 
closely  resembling  that  of  scarlet  fever.  In  larger  doses 
it  contracts  the  vessels  of  the  splanchnic  area  and  raises  the 
blood-pressure.  In  still  larger  doses  a  general  fall  of  blood- 
pressure  occurs,  accompanied  by  a  very  rapid  and  feeble 
pulse.  It  is  not,  however,  an  essential  heart  tonic. 

The  secretion  of  sweat  is  reduced  by  atropin.  It  is  used 
for  the  suppression  of  night  sweats,  especially  in  pulmonary 
tuberculosis.  A  single  dose  given  at  night  may  be  followed 
the  next  night  by  a  larger  dose  if  the  first  was  not  successful. 
The  use  of  atropin  for  this  purpose  should  be  deferred  as  long 
as  practicable  and  discontinued  as  soon  as  may  be  on  account 
of  disturbing  influence  on  digestion. 

Atropin  produces  dilatation  of  the  pupil,  paralysis  of  the 
accommodation  and  consequent  disturbance  of  vision  by  a 
local  action  on  the  oculo-motor  nerve  endings  in  the  iris. 
When  the  drug  is  taken  internally  the  effect  is  due  to  the 
atropin  circulating  in  the  blood,  and  is  bilateral.  When  the 
drug  is  applied  locally  the  action  is  unilateral  unless  some 
general  absorption  takes  place  or  some  of  the  solution  is 
introduced  into  the  other  eye  by  accident. 

To  produce  these  actions,  atropin  is  employed  in  solution 
dropped  into  the  conjunctival  sac  for  the  purpose  of  facil- 
itating the  examination  of  the  eye  with  the  ophthalmoscope. 
The  dilatation  of  the  pupil  also  serves  as  a  diagnostic  mea- 
sure in  case  of  iritis  as  the  pupil  dilates  irregularly  in 
this  disease.  The  wide  dilatation  of  the  pupil  also  tends 
to  prevent  its  adhesion  to  the  cornea  or  lens. 

Sufficient  absorption  may  take  place  from  lotions  dropped 
into  the  conjunctiva  to  produce  general  symptoms  and  even 
to  cause  toxic  effects. 

Atropin  is  sometimes  used  externally  in  the  form  of  oint- 
ment of  belladonna  for  the  relief  of  certain  forms  of  neural- 
gia, especially  those  in  which  pain  results  from  local  condi- 
tions of  the  nerve  or  surrounding  tissues.  It  has  been 
advised  for  local  use  in  the  rectum  to  relieve  the  pain  of 
hemorrhoids  or  fissure.  It  is  an  old  remedy  for  enuresis, 
but  must  be  regarded  in  most  cases  as  a  purely  empirical 
treatment  to  be  used  after  investigation  has  shown  the 
absence  of  organic  lesions  which  may  be  remedied  in  other 
ways.  It  is  used  for  vesical  spasm  due  to  irritable  neck  of 
the  bladder. 

While  the  action  of  atropin  on  the  milk  is  not  entirely 
established,  it  is  quite  generally  used  locally  in  mammitis, 


USEFUL     DRUGS  3:* 

galactorrhea  and  when  it  is  desired  to  check  the  secretion  of 
milk. 

DOSAGE:  Unpleasant  symptoms  indicating  the  beginning 
of  its  physiologic  effects  are  produced  in  some  people  by 
0.0005  gm.  or  1/125  grain.  It  is  best,  therefore,  to  begin 
with  half  this  dose,  0.00025  gm.  or  1/250  grain.  Doses  can 
be  repeated  once  in  two  hours  until  distinct  physiologic 
effects  are  produced.  For  the  treatment  of  the  stomach 
the  remedy  should  be  given  in  solution  about  fifteen  min- 
utes before  the  meal.  For  action  on  the  bowels  it  is  com- 
monly given  at  bedtime.  The  same  time  is  also  chosen 
when  giving  it  for  night  sweats. 

When  atropin  is  being  administered  the  patient  or  his 
friends  should  be  warned  of  the  possible  appearance  of 
slight  toxic  symptoms.  The  first  indication  is  usually  dry- 
ness  of  the  throat.  Some  dimness  of  vision  is  also  likely 
to  be  experienced. 

Serious  poisoning  usually  begins  with  rapid  pulse,  flushing 
of  the  skin,  talkative  delirium,  marked  dilatation  of  the 
pupils,  some  elevation  of  the  temperature  and  dryness  of 
the  throat  and  skin.  This  is  followed  more  or  less  quickly 
by  unconsciousness,  prostration,  paralysis  of  the  voluntary 
muscles  and  marked  vasomotor  paralysis. 

Atropinae  Sulphas. — Atropine  Sulphate,  U.  S.  P. 

PROPERTIES  :  Atropin  sulphate  occurs  as  a  white,  crystalline 
powder  or  microscopic  crystals  which  are  odorless,  but ,  have  a 
very  bitter,  nauseating  taste.  Atropin  sulphate  is  very  soluble 
in  water  (1:0.38)  and  in  alcohol  (1:3.7). 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  Atropin  sulphate  is  incompatible  with 
alkalies  and  their  carbonates  and  with  the  precipitants  of 
alkaloids  generally. 

DOSAGE:    0.4  mg.  or  1/160  grain.     See  Atropin. 
Bacterial  Vaccines. — See  Vaccina. 
Balsamum  Peruvianum. — Balsam  of  Peru,  U.  S.  P. 

A  balsam  obtained  from  a  tree,  Toluifera  Pereirae;  it 
contains  traces  of  cinnamic  and  benzoic  acids  and  their 
esters  and  resins. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Balsam  of  Peru  is  not  used  inter- 
nally, but  is  sometimes  applied  in  ointment  or  in  alcoholic 
solution  or  mixed  with  castor  oil  as  a  stimulant  to  indo- 
lent wounds  and  ulcers  to  promote  the  formation  of  granu- 
lations and  the  process  of  cicatrization.  Balsam  of  Peru  is 
•  much  used  as  a  parasiticide  in  diseases  of  the  skin,  such 
as  'scabies. 

In  scabies  a  4  p?r  cent,  petrolatum  ointment  of  Balsam 
of  Peru,  with  the  same  amount  of  sulphur,  chalk  and  green 
soap  may  be  used.  It  should  be  applied  freely  at  night  and 
in  the  morning  over  all  of  the  affected  areas.  The  strength 
of  this  mixture  can  be  doubled  in  obstinate  cases.  Balsam 
of  Peru  can  be  painted  over  portions  of  the  body  at  night, 


34  USEFUL     DRUGS 

followed    by    a    bath    in    the    morning.      In    rare    instances, 
however,  Balsam  of  Peru  produces  violent  dermatitis. 

Isamum  Tolutanum. — Balsam  of  Tolu,  U.  S.  P. 

A  balsam  obtained  from  Toluifera  Balsamum,  a  tree  indige- 
nous to  New  Granada. 

PROPERTIES  :  Balsam  of  Tolu  occurs  as  a  yellowish-brown, 
plastic  solid,  becoming  brittle  when  old,  dried  or  exposed  to  cold. 
It  is  very  soluble  in  alcohol,  but  nearly  insoluble  in  water. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Balsam  of  Tolu  like  balsam  of  Peru 
is  expectorant  and  stimulant;  it  is  not  used  externally  at  the 
present  time.  The  use  of  balsam  of  Tolu  in  medicine  is 
largely  restricted.  It  is  used  as  one  of  the  ingredients  of 
compound  tincture  of  benzoin  and  as  a  flavor  or  pleasant 
vehicle  in  the  form  of: 

Syrupus  Tolutanus. — Syrup  of  Tolu,  U.  S.  P. 

A  saturated  solution  of  the  aromatic  constituents  of  bal- 
sam of  Tolu  in  syrup. 

ACTION  AND  USES:     Syrup  of   Tolu   is   much   used   as   a 
vehicle  for  expectorant  mixtures. 
DOSAGE  :    16  c.c.  or  4  fluidrams. 

Belladonnae  Folia. — Belladonna  Leaves,  U.  S.  P. 

The  dried  leaves  of  Atropa  Belladonna,  yielding  by  the 
process  outlined  in  the  pharmacopeia,  not  less  than  0.3  per 
cent,  of  mydriatic  alkaloids,  chiefly  hyoscyamin. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  The  active  principle  of  belladonna  acts 
like  atropin.  Belladonna  leaves  are  narcotic,  anodyne,  anti- 
spasmodic  and  mydriatic,  the  medicinal  value  being  due  to 
the  contained  mydriatic  alkaloids. 

Tinctura    Belladonnae    Foliorum.  —  Tincture    of   Belladonna 
Leaves,  U.  S.  P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  represent  10  gm.  of  the  drug. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  The  tincture  should  not  be  prescribed 
with  alkalies. 

DOSAGE:  0.5  c.c.  or  8  minims,  representing  approximately 
0.00015  gm.  or  1/400  grain  of  mydriatic  alkaloids. 

Extractum  Belladonnae  Foliorum.  —  Extract  of  Belladonna 
Leaves,  U.  S.  P. 

A  hydro-alcoholic  extract  of  belladonna  leaves. 
DOSAGE:     0.01   gm.   or  1/5   grain,  corresponding  approxi- 
mately to  0.00015  gm.  or  1/400  grain  of  mydriatic  alkaloids. 

Emplastrum  Belladonnae. — Belladonna  Plaster,  U.  S.  P. 

This  represents  approximately  30  per  cent,  of  extract  of 
belladonna.  The  commercial  and  widely  used  plasters  are  not 
identical  with  that  described  in  the  pharmacopeia  in  other 
than  alkaloidal  content. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  35 

ACTION  AND  USES:  The  application  of  extract  of  bella- 
donna to  the  skin  secures  a  local  anodyne  effect  which  is 
employed  for  the  relief  of  rheumatic  and  neuralgic  pains  and 
soreness.  It  is  a  serviceable  application  in  acute  inflamma- 
tory conditions.  Belladonna  plaster  is  often  used  to  relieve 
palpitation  of  the  heart. 

DOSAGE:  Plasters  are  not  commonly  made  by  pharmacists, 
but  are  supplied  already  spread  by  the  manufacturers.  They 
are  usually  prescribed  by  the  size  according  to  the  area  of 
skin  to  be  covered. 

Unguentum  Belladonnae. — Belladonna  Ointment,  U.  S.  P. 

An  ointment  containing  10  per  cent,  of  extract  of  bella- 
donna in  a  mixture  of  hydrous  wool  fat  and  benzoinated  lard. 

Benzoinum. — Benzoin,  U.  S.  P. 

A  balsamic  resin  obtained  from  several  species  of  Styrax 
trees  indigenous  to  Siam,  Sumatra  and  Java. 

PROPERTIES  :  Benzoin  contains,  benzole  acid,  cinnamic  acid  and 
resins  which  are  soluble  in  alcohol  and  to  some  extent  at  least 
in  oils  and  fats. 

Tinctura  Benzoinae  Composita. — Compound  Tincture  of  Ben- 
zoin, U.  S.  P. 

A  mixture  of  the  alcohol-soluble  constituents  of  benzoin. 
10  gm.;  aloes,  2  gm.;  storax,  8  gm,  and  balsam  of  Tolu,  4 
gm.,  in  sufficient  alcohol  to  make  100  c.c. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Compound  tincture  of  benzoin  is  used 
as  an  application  to  the  inflamed  mucous  membrane  of  the 
throat  and  bronchi  by  inhalation.  It  is  soothing  and  acts 
as  a  stimulating  expectorant.  It  is  frequently  administered 
by  adding  a  teaspoonful  to  a  glassful  of  boiling  water  and 
inhaling  the  vapor.  It  is  also  used  as  an  addition  to  lotions 
of  glycerol  and  water.  It  is  useful  as  a  stimulant  and  pro- 
tective for  ulcers,  bedsores,  cracked  nipples  and  fissures  of 
the  lips,  anus,  etc. 

Benzosulphinidum, — Benzolsulphinid,  Saccharin,  U.  S.  P. 

The  anhydrid  of  ortho-sulphamid-benzoic  acid  (Benzo- 
sulphonic-imid ) . 

PROPERTIES  :  Benzosulphinimid  is  a  white,  crystalline  powder, 
nearly  odorless,  having  an  intensely  sweet  taste  even  in  dilute 
solutions.  It  is  soluble  in  alcohol  (1  :25),  but  only  slightly  soluble 
in  water  (1:250).  The  addition  of  an  alkali  materially  increases 
the  solubility  of  saccharin  in  water  by  formation  of  a  salt,  and 
it  is  often  prescribed  mixed  with  an  equal  quantity  of  sodium 
bicarbonate  or  in  the  form  of  a  sodium  salt  known  as  "soluble 
saccharin."  Saccharin  is  about  500  times  as  sweet  as  sugar,  but 
has  a  slightly  different  taste  which  is  generally  objected  to  after 
continued  use. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Saccharin  has  no  pronounced  phar- 
macologic  effect.  It  slightly  retards  the  action  of  the  diges- 
tive ferments  and  in  very  large  doses  intravenously  produces 
some  depression  and  stupor.  The  saccharin  administered  is 
excreted  almost  unchanged  in  the  urine. 


36  USEFUL     DRUGS 

It  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  sugar  in  the  food  of  dia- 
betics. It  must  be  remembered  that  saccharin  has  no  food 
value.  Some  observers  believe  it  to  be  always  harmful. 

DOSAGE:  0.2  gm.  or  3  grains.  It  may  be  mixed  with  an 
equal  weight  of  sodium  bicarbonate  to  insure  its  solubil- 
ity. A  % -grain  tablet  is  the  most  useful. 

•A 

Betanaphthol.— Betanaphthol,  U.  S.   P.      (Naphthol,  U.   S.  P. 
1890). 

Betanaphthol  is  a  phenol  found  in  coal-tar,  but  usually 
manufactured  from  naphthalene. 

PROPERTIES  :  It  occurs  as  colorless,  or  pale  buff-colored,  crystal- 
line laminae  or  a  crystalline  powder,  having  a  faint  phenol-like 
odor  and  a  sharp,  pungent,  but  not  persistent  taste.  It  is  only 
very  slightly  soluble  in  water,  1 :950,  but  is  very  soluble  in 
alcohol  (1:0.61). 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Betanaphthol  is  irritating  to  the 
skin  or  mucous  membranes  when  applied  in  solution.  If 
absorbed  in  considerable  amount  it  may  cause  nephritis 
by  irritation  of  the  kidneys.  It  tends  to  destroy  the  red 
blood-corpuscles  and  has  been  known  to  produce  changes 
in  the  retina  and  opacity  of  the  lens.  It  is  a  powerful  anti- 
septic, several  times  stronger  than  phenol. 

Betanaphthol  is  applied  externally  as  a  parasiticide  and 
antiseptic.  Internally  it  has  oeen  much  used  as  an  intes- 
tinal antiseptic,  but  its  utility  is  limited  because  of  the 
danger  of  poisonous  consequences  from  its  possible  absorp- 
tion. It  has  also  been  used  as  an  anthelmintic  for  the 
treatment  of  hookworm  disease. 

DOSAGE:  0.1  to  0.3  gm.  or  2  to  5  grains.  It  is  best 
given  in  powder  or  capsules.  Externally  it  may  be  used 
in  the  form  of  ointment. 

i 

Bismuthi  Subcarbonas. — Bismuth  Subcarbonate,  U.  S.  P. 

A  basic  carbonate  of  bismuth  of  somewhat  varying  com- 
position, some  specimens  being  more  basic  than  others. 

PROPERTIES  :  Bismuth  subcarbonate  is  practically  insoluble  in 
water  or  alcohol.  It  is  decomposed  by  hydrochloric  or  nitric  acid, 
giving  a  copious  effervescence  of  carbon  dioxid  and  producing  a 
chlorid  or  nitrate  of  bismuth  which  enters  into  solution.  When 
such  a  solution  is  diluted  with  water  the  insoluble  basic  chlorid 
(oxychlorid  or  subchlorid)  or  basic  nitrate  of  bismuth  is  precipi- 
tated. Bismuth  subcarbonate  is  readily  decomposed  by  the  acid 
of  the  gastric  juice,  but  in  this  case  while  the  acid  is  neutralized, 
an  insoluble  oxychlorid  of  bismuth  remains,  coating  the  stomach 
and  thus  acting  therapeutically  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
original  subcarbonate  would. 

•         INCOMPATIBILITIES:      It    is    incompatible    with    sulphids, 
sulphur,  acids  and  acid  salts. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Bismuth  subcarbonate  acts  like  other 
insoluble  salts  of  bismuth.  For  its  uses  see  Bismuth  Sub- 
nitrate.  In  roentgenography  it  is  to  be  preferred  to  bismuth 
subnitrate  because  of  the  fact  that  it  cannot  srive  rise  to 


USEFUL     DRUGS  37 

nitrite    poisoning,    which    has    occasionally    happened    when 
large   doses  of   the   subnitrate   were   used. 

DOSAGE:     0.5  gm.  or  7%  grains. 
Bismuth!  Subgallas.— Bismuth  Subgallate,  U.  S.  P.,  Dermatol. 

A  basic  gallate  of  bismuth  of  somewhat  varying  composi- 
tion, containing  bismuth  equivalent  to  from  52  to  57  per 
cent,  of  bismuth  oxid. 

PROPERTIES  :  Bismuth  subgallate  occurs  as  an  amorphous, 
bright  yellow  powder  without  odor  or  taste.  It  Is  practically 
insoluble  in  water  and  in  alcohol,  but  is  decomposed  by  hydro- 
chloric, nitric  or  sulphuric  acid  if  heated.  It  is  also  decomposed 
by  alkali  hydroxids. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  Bismuth  subgallate  is  incompatible 
with  acids,  alkalies,  sulphids  and  sulphur. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Bismuth  subgallate  was  introduced 
under  the  name  of  "Dermatol"  for  treatment  of  skin  dis- 
ease. Its  action  and  uses  are  similar  to  those  of  Bismutli 
Subnitrate,  which  see. 

DOSAGE:     0.25  gm.  or  4  grains. 
Bismuth  Subnitras. — Bismuth   subnitrate,   U.   S.  P. 

Bismuth  subnitrate  is  a  basic  bismuth  nitrate  of  some- 
what varying  chemical  composition. 

PROPERTIES  :  Bismuth  subnitrate  occurs  as  a  heavy,  white, 
odorless  and  almost  tasteless  powder.  It  is  practically  insoluble 
in  water  and  in  alcohol  and  is  little  affected  by  weak  acid  solu- 
tions. Hydrochloric  acid  of  the  usual  strength  of  the  gastric 
juice  decomposes  only  a  small  amount  in  the  course  of  several 
hours.  Hydrochloric  or  nitric  acid,  if  not  too  dilute,  decomposes 
it,  producing  the  chlorid  or  nitrate,  which  enters  into  solution  ; 
but  when  this  solution  is  diluted  with  water  the  insoluble  basic 
chlorid  (oxychlorid  or  subchlorid)  or  basic  nitrate  (subnitrate) 
is  precipitated. 

Basic  bismuth  nitrate  is  rendered  more  basic,  by  the 
action  of  alkali  until  finally  it  is  converted  into  bismuth 
oxid,  a  nitrate  of  the  alkali  metal  being  formed.  Under 
some  circumstances  the  nitrate  radical  may  be  reduced  to 
nitrite,  especially  by  the  putrefactive  bacteria  of  the  large 
intestine. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  It  is  incompatible  with  acids,  tan- 
nins, sulphids  and  sulphur.  With  soluble  carbonates  and 
bicarbonates  in  the  presence  of  water  there  is  a  liberation 
of  carbon  dioxid,  a  formation  of  insoluble  bismuth  com- 
pound, and  the  nitrate  of  the  alkali  metal.  With  iodids  a 
double  decomposition  has  been  noted  with  the  formation  of 
the  red  basic  iodid  of  bismuth  and  the  nitrate  of  the 
metal  whose  iodid  was  used. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Soluble  bismuth  compounds,  as  a 
rule,  become  converted  in  the  presence  of  water  into  insolu- 
ble basic  compounds.  Most  of  the  preparations  used  in 
medicine  are  already  in  the  basic  form.  (As  the  action 
of  bismuth  preparations  depends  on  the  action  of  an  irisol- 


38  USEFUL     DRUGS 

uble  powder,  there  is  no  object  in  prescribing  a  soluble 
salt.)  The  salt  most  frequently  used  is  bismuth  sub- 
nitrate;  but  since  it  sometimes  produces  poisonous  effects, 
the  subcarbonate  is  the  preferable  salt.  All  the  compounds 
of  bismuth  used  in  medicine  produce  essentially  the  same 
effects. 

Bismuth  subnitrate  is  not  appreciably  affected  by  the 
gastric  juice  and  does  not  materially  lessen  its  acidity. 
When  given  in  considerable  doses  it  coats  the  mucous  mem- 
brane and  acts  as  a  mechanical  protective.  It  thus  prevents 
the  action  of  the  digestive  secretions  and  of  irritating 
foods  or  other  substances  on  the  mucous  membrane.  The 
same  is  true  of  its  effect  on  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
intestine.  It  is  not  absorbed  in  the  stomach.  It  undergoes 
chemical  changes  in  the  intestine  and  is  probably  absorbed 
there  to  some  extent  though  seldom  in  sufficient  quantities 
to  produce  symptoms  of  poisoning.  It  is  excreted  almost 
entirely  by  the  cecum  and  other  parts  of  the  large  intestine. 
It  is  turned  black  in  the  large  intestine,  probably  from  con- 
tact with  sulphids.  It  seems  to  exert  an  astringent  effect 
on  the  gastro-intestinal  mucous  membrane.  When  applied 
to  the  skin  it  acts  mechanically,  but  on  wounds  and  ulcers, 
as  on  mucous  membranes,  it  acts  as  a  protective,  astringent 
and  antiseptic.  It  is  absorbed  from  wounds  to  a  larger 
extent  than  from  mucous  membranes.  A  number  of  cases 
of  poisoning  have  been  so  caused. 

Bismuth  subnitrate  and  other  insoluble  salts  of  bismuth 
are  used  in  irritation  of  the  stomach  and  intestines  for 
their  protective  and  astringent  powers.  They  are  useful 
to  allay  vomiting  from  gastric  irritation.  In  the  same 
manner  they  serve  to  check  diarrhea,  especially  that  aris- 
ing from  the  ingestion  of  irritating  foods.  They  are  useful 
in  hyperacidity  and  ulcer  of  the  stomach  by  coating  and  pro- 
tecting the  mucous  membrane.  They  are  also  employed  in 
catarrh  of  the  stomach  and  intestines.  They  may  be  given 
for  the  same  purpose  in  ulcerative  enteritis.  Externally 
the  subnitrate  and  subcarbonate  are  used  as  protective  and 
antiseptic  applications  in  skin  diseases  and  as  applications 
to  ulcers  or  suppurating  wounds  and  to  promote  the  healing 
of  old  sinuses  and  fistulous  tracts.  In  the  latter  case  the 
bismuth  is  used  in  the  form  of  a  paste,  combined  with 
petrolatum  and  wax.  A  number  of  cases  of  poisoning  have 
been  reported  due  to  the  absorption  of  the  bismuth;  hence 
care  must  be  exercised  in  its  use  and  on  the  appearance  of 
toxic  symptoms,  such  as  a  blue  line  on  the  gums,  headache, 
nausea  and  stomatitis,  the  bismuth  should  be  removed  from 
the  fistula  by  the  injection  of  warm  olive  oil. 

DOSAGE:  1  gm.  or  15  grains.  For  the  treatment  of 
ulcer  much  larger  doses  are  used.  Externally  it  is  used 
freely  as  a  dusting  powder  or  in  ointment.  Very  large 
quantities  are  used  for  the  purpose  of  outlining  the  stomach 
and  intestines  by  roentgenography  and  by  the  fluoroscope. 
but  the  occasional  occurrence  of  nitrite  poisoning  has  led 
to  a  preference  of  the  subcarbonate  or  oxychlorid  for 


USEFUL     DRUGS  30 

Roentgen-ray  work.  Poisoning  by  nitrites  is  indicated  by 
vasomotor  paralysis,  tachycardia  and  asphyxia  due  to  the 
formation  of  methemoglobin. 

Bismuth!  Subsalicylas. — Bismuth  Subsalicylate,  U.   S.  P. 

PROPERTIES  :  Bismuth  subsalicylatc  occurs  as  a  white  or  nearly 
white  amorphous  crystalline  powder,  odorless  and  tasteless.  It 
is  practically  insoluble  in  cold  water ;  on  prolonged  boiling  with 
water  a  portion  of  the  salicylic  acid  passes  into  solution  with 
the  formation  of  a  more  basic  bismuth  salicylate. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  It  is  decomposed  by  hydrochloric 
acid  or  nitric  acid:  a  more  basic  insoluble  compound  remain- 
ing. Alcohol  also  decomposes  bismuth  subsalicylate  with 
accompanying  solution  of  the  liberated  salicylic  acid.  The 
compound  is  also  incompatible  with  alkali  carbonates  and 
bicarbonates,  tannin  and  salts  of  iron. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Bismuth  subsalicylate,  like  other 
salts  of  bismuth,  is  protective  and  astringent;  it  has  also 
been  recommended  to  some  extent  as  an  intestinal  anti- 
septic. Because  of  the  ease  with  which  it  is  decomposed  it 
is  best  prescribed  in  the  form  of  powders,  capsules  or 
cachets. 

DOSAGE:     0.25  gm.  or  4  grains. 

CACHETAE— CACHETS 

Cachets,  or  wafers,  are  made  by  pressing  a  mixture  of 
flour,  or  starch  and  water  between  hot  iron  plates,  and  are 
used  much  in  the  same  way  as  capsules  for  enclosing  dry 
and  powdered  drugs,  but  are  usually  of  much  greater 
capacity.  They  have  the  advantage  over  capsules  of  being 
more  readily  dissolved  and  despite  their  comparatively  large 
size  are  easily  swallowed  if  previously  dipped  into  water 
or  if  floated  on  a  tablespoonful  of  water. 

Caffeina.— Caffein,  U.  S.  P. 

A  feebly  basic  alkaloid  obtained  from  the  dried  leaves  of 
Thea  sinensis  or  from  the  dried  seeds  of  Coffea  arabica  and 
also  found  in  other  plants.  Tea  contains  from  1  to  4  per 
cent,  of  caffein;  coffee  from  1  to  2  per  cent. 

PROPERTIES  :  Caffein  is  trimethyl-xanthin.  It  occurs  as  white 
silky,  glistening  needles,  usually  matted  together  in  fleecy  masses, 
odorless  and  having  a  bitter  taste.  It  is  soluble  in  water 
(1  : 50)  and  in  alcohol  (1  :50).  The  solubility  in  water  is 
materially  increased  by  the  addition  of  sodium  benzoate  or 
sodium  salicylate. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Small  doses  of  caffein  act  on  the 
nervous  system,  stimulating  the  psychic  centers,  the  respira- 
tory and  vasomotor  centers  and  the  reflexes.  It  modifies 
the  circulation  by  stimulating  the  heart,  and  relaxing  the 
vessels  by  direct  action.  The  flow  of  urine  is  increased. 
Muscular  contraction  is  facilitated  and  fatigue  lessened. 
Excessive  doses  produce  insomnia,  nervousness,  headache, 
palpitation  and  nausea  or  vomiting,  especially  in  susceptible 


40  USEFUL     DRUGS 

persons.  They  lessen  the  capacity  for  mental  or  muscular 
work.  Toxic  doses  may  produce  tetanic  convulsions  and 
cardiac  dilatation. 

CIRCULATION:  Caffein  has  a  rather  complex  and,  there 
fore,  somewhat  inconstant  action.  In  therapeutic  doses  th*1 
pulse  may  be  quickened  or  slowed.  The  blood-vessels  tend 
to  dilate  by  the  peripheral  action  and  to  contract  by  the 
central  action.  The  dilatation  probably  predominates  in  most 
cases,  but  the  blood-pressure  rises  slightly  by  increased 
force  and  output  of  the  heart.  This  increased  output  and 
lessened  resistance  tend  to  produce  a  more  rapid  flow  of 
blood,  and  this  results  in  an  increased  flow  of  urine.  These 
effects  make  caffein  especially  efficient  in  some  cases  of  car- 
diac dropsy,  although  it  is  generally  inferior  to  digitalis.  The 
cardiac  stimulation  is  also  useful  in  temporary  cardiac 
weakness. 

By  the  Germans,  and  by  many  physicians  in  this 
country,  caffein  is  looked  on  as  the  most  valuable  drug 
for  the  treatment  of  circulatory  failure  in  acute  infectious 
processes,  such  as  pneumonia,  peritonitis,  scarlet  fever,  etc. 

A  disadvantage  in  the  use  of  large  doses  is  the  cere- 
bral stimulation  produced,  which  often  prevents  sleep.  Some 
authors  do  not  approve  of  the  use  of  caffein  as  a  cardiac 
remedy,  but  believe  that  its  utilities  are  confined  to  its 
diuretic  action. 

Caffein  is  used  as  a  nervous  stimulant  in  cases  of  nerve 
exhaustion.  It  is  useful  in  collapse  by  causing  rise  of 
blood-pressure  and  stimulating  the  respiration.  It  may  bv 
used  in  narcotic  poisoning  in  the  form  of  hot  coffee,  or  by 
itself,  for  its  effect  on  the  respiratory  system.  It  is  espe- 
cially useful  in  opium  poisoning,  and  it  may  be  used  in 
alcoholic  poisoning  on  the  same  principle.  It  relieves  some 
forms  of  headache,  but  in  the  congestive  form  it  may 
increase  the  difficulty.  It  is  excreted  by  the  kidney  partly 
under  its  own  form,  partly  as  mono-  or  dimethyl-xanthin. 
It  does  not  increase  the  amount  of  uric  acid  in  the  urine. 

DOSAGE:  The  dose  of  caffein  varies  from  0.06  gm.  to 
0.3  gm.,  or  about  1  to  5  grains.  When  given  in  the  form 
of  coffee  a  cup  made  from  a  tablespoonful  (15  gm.)  would 
contain  from  0.1  to  0.2  gm.  or  from  \l/>  to  3  grains. 

The  alkaloid  may  be  given  in  the  form  of  powder  or 
in  capsules  or  cachets.  In  combination  with  equal  parts 
of  sodium  benzoate  or  sodium  salicylate  it  dissolves  readily, 
and  may  be  given  hypodermically  or  administered  by  mouth. 

Caffeina  Citrata.— Citrated  Caffein,  U.  S.  P. 

A    mixture   of  equal   parts  of  caffein   and  citric   acid. 

PROPERTIES  :  Citrated  caffein  is  a  white  odorless  powder  hav- 
ing a  slightly  bitter  taste  and  an  acid  reaction.  It  is  more 
readily  soluble  than  the  alkaloid  but  is  not  adapted  for  hypo- 
dermic use. 

DOSAGE:      0.1   gm.  or  about  2   grains. 


USEFUL    DRUGS  41 

Caffeinae    Sodio-Benzoas. — Caffein    Sodio-Benzoate,   N.    F. 
A  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  caffein  and  sodium  benzoate. 

PROPERTIES:  It  is  freely  soluble  (1  :  2)  In  water  and  is  well 
adapted  for  administration  in  solution  either  by  mouth  or  hypo- 
dermically. 

DOSAGE:      0.10   gm.,   or  about   2   grains. 

Calcii    Carbonas    Praecipitatus. — Precipitated    Calcium    Carbo- 
nate, U.  S.  P.,  Precipitated  Chalk,  CaC03. 

Calcium  carbonate,  obtained  by  precipitating  a  solution 
of  a  salt  of  calcium  by  a  soluble  carbonate,  collecting  and 
washing  the  precipitate  and  drying. 

PROPERTIES  :  Precipitated  calcium  carbonate  is  a  fine  white 
powder  without  odor  or  taste.  It  is  practically  insoluble  in 
water,  but  dissolves  to  a  considerable  extent  in  water  contain- 
ing carbon  dioxid.  It  is  decomposed  by  acids,  forming  a  salt  of 
calcium  and  giving  off  carbon  dioxid  with  effervescence. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Calcium  carbonate  neutralizes  the 
acid  of  the  gastric  juice,  chlorid  of  calcium  being  formed 
and  absorbed  to  some  extent.  If  the  stomach  contains  no 
acid  it  may  escape  solution  and  absorption.  When  absorbed 
the  action  is  that  of  the  soluble  salts  of  calcium,  which 
will  be  described  under  Calcium  Chlorid. 

Calcium  carbonate  is  used  chiefly  as  an  antacid.  For  this 
purpose  it  is  used  as  the  base  of  many  tooth-powders.  It 
is  given  in  the  form  of  powder  as  an  antacid  in  acid  gas- 
tritis, hyperchlorhydria  and  gastric  ulcer.  In  -prescnoing 
it  for  such  affections  its  power  to  check  diarrhea  and  the 
astringent  power  with  which  it.  is  credited  should  be  born- 
in  mind.  It  is  especially  appropriate  to  cases  in  which  there 
is  hyperacidity  with  accompanying  diarrhea  and  in  diarrhea 
with  acid  fermentation.  It  may  be  used  in  skin-diseases  as 
a  dusting-powder  to  neutralize  acid  secretions  and  to  protect 
the  skin. 

Calcium  carbonate  is  the  appropriate  antidote  to  oxalic 
acid  as  it  neutralizes  the  acid  with  the  formation  of  the 
insoluble  oxalate  of  calcium.  It  is  also  a  suitable  antidote 
to  other  corrosive  acids  and  has  the  advantage  that  an 
excess  can  be  given  without  doing  harm. 

DOSAGE:  From  1  to  3  gm.  or  irom  15  to  45  grains.  The 
fine  powder  can  be  given  to  adults  in  teaspoonful  doses 
as  no  harm  is  to  be  feared  from  moderate  excess.  One  gram 
will  neutralize  0.730  gm.  of  absolute  HC1,  or  approximately 
the  amount  of  free  HC1  in  500  c.c.,  or  1  pint  of  stomach 
contents  having  40  degrees  of  free  acidity. 

Calcii    Chloridum.— Calcium    Chlorid,   U.    S.    P.,    CaCl,. 

PROPERTIES  :  Calcium  chlorid  occurs  as  white,  translucent 
fragments,  which  are  odorless  and  have  a  sharp  saline  taste. 
It  is  very  deliquescent  and  should  be  kept  in  well-stoppered  bot- 
tles. It  is  freely  soluble  in  water  (1  :  1.3)  and  also  in  alcohol 


42  USEFUL     DRUGS 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Soluble  carbonates,  phosphates  and 
sulphates  produce  a  precipitate  of  the  corresponding  insolu- 
ble salts  of  calcium. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  The  chlorid  is  more  irritating  to  the 
stomach  than  other  salts  of  calcium  and  it  should  always 
be  given  well  diluted.  It  is  absorbed  slowly  and  imperfectly ; 
in  the  intestine  it  may  be  converted  into  the  insoluble  car- 
bonate or  phosphate,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  calcium  is 
excreted  in  this  form.  Calcium  salts  are  sedatives  to 
muscle  and  nerve  action  when  absorbed.  A  lack  of  calcium 
in  the  tissues  is  believed  to  be  a  factor  in  the  development 
of  nervous  irritability,  tetany  and  other  forms  of  convul- 
sions. Large  intravenous  doses  of  calcium  act  somewhat 
like  digitalis.  It  is  also  believed  to  increase  the  coagulabil- 
ity of  the  blood  under  certain  conditions,  but  not  often. 
These  effects,  however,  are  not  produced  when  calcium  is 
given  by  the  mouth.  There  is  no  lack  of  calcium  in  the 
system  under  ordinary  diet.  It  is  therefore  doubtful  whether 
calcium  chlorid  has  much  if  any  systemic  action  when 
administered  by  mouth.  It  is  used,  however,  in  hemophilia, 
typhoid  fever  and  other  hemorrhagic  conditions,  with  the 
idea  of  increasing  the  coagulability  of  the  blood.  Direct 
observations  of  the  coagulation  time  have  given  contra- 
dictory, but  generally  negative  results.  The  clinical  evi- 
dence is  not  very  strong,  but  the  drug  is  at  least  harmless. 
Calcium  chlorid  is  also  administered,  apparently  with  benefit, 
against  urticaria  and  serum  rashes. 

When  injected  directly  into  the  blood,  calcium  salts 
depress  the  nervous  and  muscular  systems,  while  the  inacti- 
vation  of  calcium  by  the  injection  of  oxalates  and  citrates 
produces  convulsions.  This  is  the  basis  of  an  as  yet  unproved 
hypothesis  that  certain  forms  of  nervous  irritability  are 
due  to  disturbed  calcium  metabolism. 

DOSAGE:  05  gm.  or  7%  grains.  Calcium  chlorid  is  best 
administered  in  dilute  solution  sweetened  with  syrup  or 
elixir. 

Calcii     Hypophosphis. — Calcium     Hypophosphite.     U.     S.     P., 
Ca(PH2O2)z. 

PROPERTIES  :  Calcium  hypophosphite  occurs  as  colorless,  trans- 
parent prisms,  small  lustrous  scales  or  a  white  crystalline  pow- 
der, which  is  odorless  and  has  a  nauseous,  bitter  taste.  It  is 
freely  soluble  in  water  (1 :65)  and  practically  insoluble  in 
alcohol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  It  is  incompatible  with  iodids  and 
oxidizing  agents.  Caution  should  be  observed  in  dispensing 
calcium  hypophosphite  as  explosion  is  liable  to  occur  when 
it  is  triturated  or  heated  with  nitrates,  chlorates  or  oxidiz- 
ing agents. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  It  was  formerly  thought  that  hypo- 
phosphites  were  of  special  value  because  the  phosphorus 
was  in  a  less  highly  oxidized  form  than  in  the  phosphates. 
There  is  no  experimental  and  no  convincing  clinical  evi- 


USEFUL     DRUGS  43 

dence  for  this  belief.  Calcium  hypophosphite  has  merely 
the  action  of  other  soluble  salts  of  calcium.  (See  calcium 
chlorid. ) 

DOSAGE:     0.5  gm.  or  7%  grains. 

Calcii  Lactas. — Calcium  Lactate,  N.  N.  R. 

PROPERTIES  :  Calcium  lactate  occurs  in  white  crystalline 
masses  or  powder,  and  is  odorless  and  tasteless.  It  is  soluble 
in  water  (1:10)  but  very  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  It  is  incompatible  with  carbonates, 
sulphates  and  other  compounds  forming  insoluble  calcium 
salts. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Calcium  lactate  has  the  pharmacologic 
action  of  other  soluble  calcium  salts  (see  Calcium  Chlorid) 
but  is  less  irritating  than  the  chlorid  and,  therefore,  espe- 
cially suitable  for  hypodermic  use. 

DOSAGE:     0.5  gm.  or  7%  grains. 

Calcii    Phosphas    Praecipitatus. — Precipitated    Calcium    Phos- 
phate, U.  S.  P.,  Ca,(P04)2- 

PROPERTIES  :      Precipitated     calcium    phosphate  occurs    as    a 

bulky,  white,   amorphous  powder  that  is  odorless  and  tasteless. 

It  is  practically  insoluble  in  water  and  in  alcohol,  but  is  soluble 
in  hydrochloric  or  nitric  acid. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Because  of  the  fact  that  calcium 
phosphate  forms  much  the  greater  portion  of  the  mineral 
matter  of  the  human  body,  it  has  been  supposed  to  be 
indicated  in  a  variety  of  conditions.  There  is  little  or  no 
evidence  that  it  is  of  special  value  or  has  any  advantages 
over  calcium  carbonate.  It  may  be  administered  in  the 
form  of  powder  or  in  a  complex  mixture  by  dissolving  it  in 
a  suitable  acid. 

DOSAGE:     1  gm.  or  15  grains. 

Calx.— Lime,  Calcium  Oxid,  U.   S.  P.,  CaO. 

PROPERTIES  :  Calcium  oxid  occurs  as  hard,  white  or  grayish- 
white  masses,  which,  in  contact  with  the  air.  gradually  attract 
moisture  and  carbon  dioxid  and  fall  to  a  white  powder ;  it  is 
odorless  and  has  a  caustic  taste.  Calcium  oxid  is  converted  into 
calcium  hydroxid  on  the  addition  of  water,  and  this  is  slightly 
soluble  in  cold  water  (1:760),  less  soluble  in  hot  water  and 
practically  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Milk  of  lime  is  calcium  hydroxid  mixed  with  water  in 
the  proportion  of  1  part  of  lime  to  4  of  water. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Lime  as  calcium  hydroxid  is  a  fairly 
active  germicide.  It  will  neutralize  acids,  forming  soluble 
salts  of  calcium. 

On  account  of  its  cheapness  lime  is  much  used  as  a  dis- 
infectant. In  the  form  of  milk  of  lime  or  whitewash,  it 
is  a  serviceable  application  to  privies  or  to  the  infected 
walls  of  rooms.  It  is  especially  useful  for  the  disinfection 
of  excreta.  Freshly  prepared  milk  of  lime  should  be  added 


44  USEFUL    DRUGS 

in  volume  equal  to  that  of  the  material  to  be  disinfected,  the 
mass  thoroughly  mixed  and  allowed  to  stand  for  two 
hours  before  disposal. 

Liquor  Calcis.— Lime-water,  Solution  of  Calcium  Hydroxide, 
U.  S.  P. 

A  saturated  solution  of  calcium  hydroxid  containing 
about  0.14  per  cent,  of  Ca(OH).;. 

PROPERTIES  :  Lime-water  is  a  clear,  colorless  liquid  without 
odor,  and  has  an  alkaline,  bitter  taste.  Lime-water  absorbs  car- 
bon dioxid  from  the  air,  readily  forming  the  insoluble  calcium 
carbonate,  and  leaving  the  solution  weaker  in  consequence.  The 
Pharmacopeia  gives  a  convenient  method  of  assay,  and  there  is 
no  excuse  for  the  pharmacist  who  dispenses  an  inferior  prepar- 
ation. The  strength  of  lime-water  should  be  preserved  by  keep- 
ing an  excess  of  lime  in  the  bottom  of  the  container.  When  the 
lime-water  is  to  be  used  the  clear  supernatant  liquid  should  be 
decanted. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Lime-water  is  incompatible  with 
acids  and  with  carbonated,  or  ordinary  hard  water. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Lime-water  is  antacid  and  astringent 
and  is  often  used  as  an  addition  to  milk  for  both  adults 
and  children.  The  usual  proportion  is  1  of  lime-water  to 
4  of  milk,  but  a  mixture  of  equi.l  parts  may  be  given.  This 
is  administered  in  small  doses  to  allay  nausea  and  vomiting. 
It  is  also  used  for  diarrhea.  Lime-water  is  used  externally 
in  the  treatment  of  burns. 

DOSAGE:  15  c.c.  or  about  4  fluidrams,  containing  approxi- 
mately 0.02  gm.  or  ys  grain  of  calcium  hydroxid. 

Linimentum  Calcis. — Lime  Liniment,  U.  S.  P.  This  is  more 
popularly  known  as  Carron  oil  from  the  name  of  the  iron 
works,  in  England,  where  it  originated. 

PROPERTIES  :  It  is  essentially  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  a 
bland  fixed  oil  and  lime-water  of  official  strength.  The  Pharma- 
copeia at  present  directs  the  use  of  linseed  oil,  but  this  has  no 
advantages  over  some  of  the  more  limpid,  and  less  odorous  fixed 
oils,  and  by  some  is  thought  to  be  less  desirable. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Lime  Liniment  is  applied  to  burns 
by  spreading  it  on  cloths  and  applying  to  the  surface.  It 
should  be  renewed  frequently  in  order  to  prevent  the  dress- 
ing from  adhering. 

Calx  Chlorinata. — Chlorinated  Lime,  Chlorinated  Calcium  Oxid. 
U.  S.  P.,  Bleaching  Powder. 

Bleaching  powder,  often  improperly  called  chlorid  of  lime, 
is  a  variable  compound  resulting  from  the  action  of  chlorin 
on  calcium  hydroxid.  It  should  contain  not  less  than 
30  per  cent,  of  available  chlorin,  that  is,  chlorin  which  is 
set  free  by  the  action  of  an  acid.  ' 

PROPERTIES  :  Chlorinated  lime  occurs  as  a  white  or  grayish- 
white  granular  powder,  having  a  chlorin-like  odor,  and  a  repuls- 
ive saline  taste.  It  is  only  partially  soluble  in  water  or  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Chlorinated  lime  is  a  disinfectant  of 
about  equal  value  with  lime  and  is  used  in  the  same  way. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  45 

A  5  per  cent,  solution  is  a  convenient  strength  for  ordi- 
nary use.  It  is  being  used  quite  extensively  as  the  source 
of  chlorin  for  treating  contaminated  drinking-waters.  A 
fresh  solution  of  about  0.5  per  cent,  strength  should  be 
added  to  the  water  to  be  treated,  in  the  proportion  of 
about  250  gallons  per  million  gallons  of  water. 

Liquor    Sodae    Chlorinatae. — Solution    of    Chlorinated    Soda, 
U.   S.   P.,  Labarraque's   Solution. 

An  aqueous  solution  of  sodium  hypochlorite  and  sodium 
chlorid  containing  at  least  2.4  per  cent,  of  available  chlorin. 
It  is  made  by  decomposing  a  solution  of  chlorinated  lime 
with  sodium  carbonate  and  removing  the  insoluble  calcium 
carbonate  formed. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Solution  of  chlorinated  soda,  like 
chlorinated  lime,  is  used  chiefly  as  a  disinfectant  and  anti- 
septic. •  Diluted  with  from  15  to  20  parts  of  water  it  may 
be  used  as  a  spray,  gargle  or  wash. 

DOSAGE:      1  c.c.  or  15  minims. 

Camphora. — Camphor,   U.   S.   P. 

A  ketone  CflH16CO  obtained  from  Cinnamomum  Camphora. 
purified  by  sublimation. 

PROPERTIES  :  Camphor  occurs  as  white  translucent  masses  of 
a  tough  consistence  and  a  crystalline  structure,  readily  pulveriz- 
able  in  the  presence  of  a  little  alcohol,  ether  or  chloroform ;  it 
has  a  characteristic  odor  and  a  pungent  taste.  It  is  very  slightly 
soluble  in  water  but  freely  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform 
and  in  fixed  and  volatile  oils. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Camphor  stimulates  the  central 
nervous  system,  especially  the  medullary  centers,  and  the 
circulation;  locally  it  is  mildly  irritant  and  antiseptic.  In 
toxic  doses  it  produces  delirium  followed  by  unconscious- 
ness with  epileptiform  convulsions.  It  has  been  used  as 
a  nerve  depressant  in  epilepsy  and  convulsions,  but  owing 
to  its  stimulating  action  this  use  seems  irrational. 

Camphor  tends  to  increase  the  blood-pressure.  The  effects 
on  animals  are  complex  and  rather  inconstant,  but  clini- 
cally large  doses  of  camphor  improve  the  pulse  in  impend- 
ing cardiac  collapse,  probably  by  cardiac .  stimulation.  For 
this  reason  it  is  used  as  a  circulatory  and  respiratory  stimu- 
lant in  cases  of  collapse,  syncope,  cardiac  failure,  etc.  It 
should  be  administered  hypodermically,  0.5  c.c.  of  a  10  per 
cent,  sterile  solution  in  olive  oil  being  injected  every  fifteen 
minutes  for  four  doses  if  needed. 

The  antiseptic  action  of  camphor  is  utilized  in  gargles 
and  mouth  washes.  It  is  also  given  in  dyspepsia  as  a 
carminative,  and  is  used  in  the  first  stage  of  colds  and 
other  infections  of  the  respiratory  tract.  It  acts  internally 
as  a  diaphoretic. 

Locally  camphor  causes  a  loss  of  tone  of  the  peripheral 
blood-vessels,  and  thus  produces  marked  redness  of  the 


46  USEFUL     DRUGS 

skin.  It  has  also  a  local  anesthetic  action.  It  is  employed, 
for  its  mild  rubefacient  and  counterirritant  effects,  as  an 
ingredient  of  liniments. 

DOSAGE:      0.10  gm.  or  about  2  grains. 

The  average  dose  of  camphor  is  commonly  given  as 
2  grains,  but  when  a  prompt  cardiac  or  central  action  is 
demanded,  much  larger  doses  may  be  required.  It  may  be 
given  in  an  oily  or  alcoholic  solution  or  in  pills,  capsule* 
or  cachets. 

Aqua  Camphorae. — Camphor  Water,  U.  S.  P. 

A  saturated  solution  of  camphor  in  distilled  water.  It 
is  a  very  weak  preparation.  Camphor  water  is  often  used 
as  a  vehicle  for  collyria. 

DOSAGE:  10  c.c.  or  about  2  fluidrams  (containing  0.04  gm. 
or  y2  grain  of  camphor). 

Spiritus   Camphorae. — Spirit   of   Camphor,   U.   S.   P. 
One  hundred  c.c.  contain   10  gm.  camphor  in  alcohol. 

DOSAGE:      1  c.c.  or   15  minims. 

Linimentum     Camphorae. — Camphpr    Liniment,     U.     S.     P. 

Camphorated  Oil. 

One  hundred  c.c.  contain  20  gm.  camphor  in  cottonseed 
oil,  but  a  more  limpid  oil  may  be  preferred,  particularly  if 
the  preparation  is  to  be  used  for  hypodermic  injection. 

Cannabis  Indica. — Indian  Cannabis,  U.  S.  P. 

The  dried  flowering  tops  of  the  pistillate  plants  of 
Cannabis  sativa,  grown  in  the  East  Indies  and  gathered 
while  the  fruits  are  yet  undeveloped,  and  carrying  the  whole 
of  their  natural  resin.  Much,  if  not  all,  of  the  available 
drug  fails  to  comply  with  the  official  requirements. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Cannabis  Indica  is  a  narcotic  poison 
which  stimulates  the  psychic  functions  and  produces  delir- 
ium of  a  pleasant  character  and  a  rapid  succession  of  ideas 
which  cause  the  time  to  seem  very  long.  From  this  condi- 
tion the  patient  passes  into  melancholy  and  then  into  a 
deep  sleep.  An  aphrodisiac  effect  is  reported  in  some  cases. 
In  many  cases  the  primary  stimulating  stage  is  quite  short 
and  often  absent.  On  account  of  the  sleep  resulting  from 
this  drug,  it  has  been  recommended  as  a  hypnotic,  but  in 
general  the  use  of  cannabis  indica  as  a  hypnotic  is  not 
advisable.  While  it  has  not  been  known  to  produce  fatal 
results,  the  effect  on  dogs  indicates  that  it  is  not  entirely 
safe,  and  the  possibility  of  formation  of  a  habit  should  be 
borne  in  mind. 

DOSAGE:  The  preparations  are  best  given  by  themselves, 
the  extract  in  the  form  of  pills  and  the  tincture  diluted  or 
mixed  with  water  at  the  time  of  administration. 

Extractum  Cannabis  Indicae. — Extract   of  Indian   Cannabis, 
U.  S.   P. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  47 

DOSAGE:      0.01   gm.  or  1/5  grain. 

Tinctura    Cannabis   Indicae. — -Tincture    of    Indian    Cannabis, 
U.    S.    P.      One    hundred    c.c.    represent    10    -gin.    Indian 
oannabis   in  alcohol. 

DOSAGE:      0.5   c.c.   or   about    8    minims. 

Cantharis. — Cantharides,  U.  S.  P. 

The  beetle  Cantharis  vesicatoria,  Spanish  fly,  thoroughly 
dried. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Cantharides  is  very  irritating  to  the 
intestinal  canal,  producing  hyperemia  of  the  mouth  and 
throat  and  vomiting.  It  is  readily  absorurd  from  tho 
intestinal  canal  and  produces  marked  irritatioij  of  the  kid- 
neys. The  nephritis  affects,  at  first,  the  glomeruli  and  sub- 
sequently the  urinary  tubules.  In  its  passage  through  the 
urinary  channels,  it  irritates  the  mucous  membranes  of  the 
bladder  and  urethra  and  produces  a  desire  to  urinate,  some- 
times amounting  to  strangury.  Cantharides  is  also  a  local 
irritant  to  the  skin  and  produces  blisters.  It  may  be 
absorbed  from  the  skin  in  sufficient  quantities  to  cause 
nephritis.  Cantharides  has  been  used  for  treatment  of 
chronic  nephritis  and  incontinence  of  urine.  Only  minute 
doses  should  ever  be  given  for  these  affections,  and  as  soon 
as  any  evidence  of  vesical  irritation  arises  the  remedy 
should  be  suspended.  Many  physicians  believe  that  canthar- 
ides  should  never  be  used  internally. 

The  local  irritant  action  of  Cantharides  is  the  basis  of  its 
use  for  the  treatment  of  baldness,  but  it  is  of  little  benefit 
in  that  condition.  It  is  used  for  baldness  in  the  form  of 
tincture  greatly  diluted  with  alcohol  (from  1:15  to  1:30) 
or  in  ointments.  The  chief  use  of  Cantharides  is  as  a 
vesicant.  It  is  contra-indicated  in  nephritis,  and  when 
vesication  is  desired  in  nephritis,  another  agent  such  as 
ammonia  or  chloroform  should  be  selected.  It  may  be  used 
to  produce  redness  and  counterirritation  in  quantities  not 
sufficient  to  blister.  When  the  irritation  is  carried  just  to 
the  point  of  beginning  vesication,  the  result  is  known  as 
a  flying  blister.  The  counterirritation  may  be  rendered 
continuous  by  a  succession  of  such  "flying"  blisters. 

Ceratum  Cantharidis. — Cantharides  cerate,  U.  S.  P. 

This  contains   32  per  cent,  of  cantharides. 

Ceratum  cantharidis  may  be  used  for  the  purpose  of 
vesication,  but  the  blistering  plasters  commonly  put  up 
by  manufacturers  have  a  slightly  different  base.  When 
cantharides  is  applied  for  the  purpose  of  vesication  a  blister 
will  usually  be  formed  in  the  course  of  six  hours.  Vesica- 
tion can  sometimes  be  hastened  by  removing  the  cantharides 
plaster  after  a  few  hours  and  applying  hot  poultices. 
Blisters  should  not  be  applied  directly  over  an  inflamed  part. 


48  USEFUL     DRUGS 


The  following  application  has  been  suggested  for  baldness: 

3ij 
ni.xv 


B  Tr.  cantharid 8 

Tr.  capsici  1 

Alcoholis  45 

Aq.  ros ad  150 

M. 


Capsicum. — Capsicum,  U.   S.  P. 

The   dried,  ripe   fruit  of  Capsicum  fastigiatum. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Capsicum  is  carminative,  stimulant 
and  rubefacient.  It  is  frequently  prescribed  in  atonic  dys- 
pepsia, especially  in  cases  due  to  chronic  alcoholism.  Such 
use  should  be  cautious  and  not  long  continued. 

DOSAGE:  0.05  gm.  or  about  1  grain.  Externally  it  is 
frequently  used  in  the  form  of  liniment,  preferably  a  simple 
mixture  of  the  tincture  with  the  official  soap  liniment.  The 
tincture  mixed  with  an  equal  quantity  of  glycerol  is  used 
as  a  gargle  in  tonsillitis,  pharyngitis,  etc. 

Capsicum  plaster  is  a  suitable  preparation  for  the  relief 
of  neuralgia,  muscular  rheumatism,  etc. 

Tinctura  Capsici. — Tincture  of  capsicum,  U.  S.  P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  represent  10  gm.  of  the  drug  in  approxi- 
mately 90  per  cent,  alcohol. 

DOSAGE:      0.5  c.c.  or  7l/2  minims. 

CAPSULAE— CAPSULES 

Capsules,  either  hard  or  soft,  are  made  of  gelatin  molded 
oA'er  a  suitable  object.  Hard  capsules,  made  in  different 
sizes,  have  long  been  used  for  administering  liquids  as  well 
as  solids,  while  soft  capsules,  containing  an  admixture  of 
glycerol  to  the  gelatin,  are  used  extensively  for  oils  and 
oleoresins  or  solutions  of  active  drugs  in  oils. 

Carbo  Ligni. — Charcoal,  U.  S.  P. 

Prepared  from  soft  wood  and  very  finely  powdered. 

PROPERTIES  :  Charcoal  is  a  black,  odorless  and  tasteless  pow- 
der, free  from  gritty  matter. 

ACTIONS  AND  USES:  Locally  charcoal  is  employed  as  a 
deodorant  for  fetid  ulcers,  etc.,  usually  as  a  poultice. 

Because  of  its  well-known  property  of  absorbing  and 
condensing  gases,  charcoal  has  long  been  administered  in 
various  forms  of  gastric  disturbance,  the  prescribers  evi- 
dently losing  sight  of  the  fact  that  when  thoroughly  wet  it 
almost  entirely  loses  its  property  of  absorbing  gases.  It 
is  used  to  indicate  the  length  of  time  food  remains  in  the 
alimentary  tract.  Charcoal  administered  with  the  test  diet 
causes  the  feees  formed  from  that  diet  to  have  a  black 
color.  It  is  also  commonly  used  to  distinguish  the  periods 
of  diet  in  metabolism  experiments. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  40 

DOSAGE:  1  gm.  or  15  grains.  Preferably  administered 
in  cachets  or  capsules. 

Cardamomum. — Cardamom,    U.    S.    P. 

The  dried  nearly  ripe  fruit  of  Elettaria  repens. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Cardamom  is  used  as  an  aromatic, 
carminative  and  stomachic. 

Tinctura  Cardamoini. — Tincture  of  Cardamom. 

Represents  20  per  cent,  of  cardamom  in  diluted  alcohol. 
This  preparation  should  not  be  confounded  with  compound 
tincture  of  cardamom,  which  is  a  comparatively  weak  solu- 
tion of  the  soluble  constituents  of  cardamom,  cinnamon  and 
caraway  in  diluted  alcohol,  colored  red  with  cochineal. 

DOSAGE:     5  c.c.  or  ]  nuidram. 

Caryophyllus.— Cloves,  U.   S.  P. 

The  dried  flower  buds  of  Eugenia  aromatica. 

Oleum  Caryophylli—  Oil  of  Cloves,  U.  S.  P. 

A  volatile  oil  distilled  from  cloves  consisting  largely 
(80  per  cent.)  of  eugenol. 

PROPERTIES  :  Oil  of  cloves  occurs  as  a  colorless  or  pale  yellow, 
thin  liquid,  becoming  darker  and  thicker  by  age.  Oil  of  cloves 
is  freely  soluble  in  alcohol,  but  nearly  insoluble  in  water. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Oil  of  cloves  is  antiseptic  and  aro- 
matic. It  is  frequently  used  as  a  carminative  and  externally 
as  counterirritant.  In  dental  practice  it  has  long  been  used 
as  an  anodyne. 

DOSAGE:  0.2  c.c.  or  3  minims  on  granulated  sugar  or  in 
some  emulsion,  on  shaved  ice  or  in  capsules.  To  relievo 
toothache  it  should  be  dropped  on  a  small  piece  of  cotton 
and  inserted  into  the  cavity  in  the  tooth,  if  one  is  present. 
For  external  use  it  is  usually  diluted  with  2  or  3  parts  of 
fatty  oil. 

CATAPLASMATA— POULTICES 

Poultices  are  soft  solid  preparations  used  for  the  purpose 
of  applying  heat  and  moisture  to  localized  areas  of  the  body. 
This  application  of  heat  induces  a  superficial  hyperemia 
which  is  believed  to  influence  the  circulation  of  underlying 
parts.  The  poultices  may  also  be  made  the  means  of  apply- 
ing counterirritant  drugs.  A  long-continued  application 
tends  to  cause  relaxation  of  the  skin  and  to  render  it  flabby. 

Cera   Alba.— White  Wax,  U.   S.   P.,  is  the   bleached   form  of: 

Cera  Flava.— Yellow  Wax,  U.  S.  P. 

A  solid  substance  prepared  from  the  honeycomb  of  the 
bee,  Apis  mellifera.  In  medicine  wax  is  chiefly  used  to 
stiffen  ointments. 


50  USEFUL     DRUGS 

CERATA— CERATES 

Cerates  are  solid  ointment-like  preparations  containing 
sufficient  wax  to  prevent  them  from  melting  at  the  tem- 
perature of  the  body. 

For   the   preparation   included   in   this   list  see : 
Ceratum  Cantharidis,  under  Cantharis. 

CHARTAE— PAPERS 

Medicated  papers  are  pieces  of  absorbent  paper  that  have 
been  treated  with  medicinal  substances  or  suitably  sized 
paper  coated  with  a  layer  of  the  medicinal  substance. 

For  the  preparation  included  in  this  list  see : 
Charta  Sinapis,  under  Sinapis. 

Chloralum   Hydratum.— Hydrated   Chloral,   U.    S.   P.      Chloral 
Hydrate. 

A  crystalline  solid,  CC13CH  ( OH )  „,  the  hydrate  of  trichlor- 
acetaldehyd  (chloral),  CC13.CHO. 

PROPERTIES  :  Hydrated  chloral  occurs  as  colorless  and  trans- 
parent crystals,  having  an  aromatic  penetrating  odor,  and  a  bit- 
terish, caustic  taste.  It  is  very  soluble  in  water,  alcohol  or  ether. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Hydrated  Chloral  is  incompatible 
with  alkalies  and  alkali  carbonates,  which  cause  the  forma- 
tion of  chloroform.  In  mixtures  containing  hydrated  chloral, 
an  alkali,  bromid  and  alcohol,  a  compound  of  chloral  believed 
to  be  chloral  alcoholate  sometimes  separates. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Hydrated  chloral  acts  on  the  central 
nervous  system,  producing  a  feeling  of  weariness  followed 
by  quiet  sleep  in  which  the  pulse  and  respiration  are  slowed 
in  the  same  manner  as  in  normal  sleep  and  the  reflexes  are 
not  abolished.  From  this  sleep  the  person  can  readily  be 
awakened.  Larger  doses  produce  more  rapid  and  deeper 
unconsciousness  and  abolition  of  reflexes.  There  is  slowing 
of  the  respiration  and  fall  of  blood-pressure.  The  cuta- 
neous vessels  are  dilated  and  a  marked  fall  of  temperature 
•  occurs.  With  fatal  doses  death  occurs  ordinarily  by  paral- 
ysis of  the  respiratory  center  but  sometimes  by  paralysis 
of  a  weakened  heart.  Hydrated  chloral  is  therefore  to  be 
used  with  special  caution  in  cases  of  a  weakened  heart  or 
blood-vessels. 

Hydrated  chloral  is  a  very  reliable  hypnotic  in  insomnia 
due  to  nervous  excitation.  It  is  not  so  valuable  when  the 
sleeplessness  is  primarily  due  to  a  painful  affection.  In 
such  cases  morphin  or  codein  is  preferable.  At  times  it  may 
be  combined  with  opium  or  morphin.  It  should  not  be  used 
when  there  is  a  degeneration  of  the  heart-muscle.  In  other 
cases  of  heart  disease  and  in  arteriosclerosis  it  may  be  given 
cautiously. 

Hydrated  chloral  may  be  given  in  moderate  doses  as  a 
nervous  sedative,  especially  in  conjunction  with  the  bromids. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  51 

Hydrated  chloral  is  also  a  valuable  remedy  to  relax  spasm. 
For  this  purpose  it  is  often  used  in  the  first  stage  of  labor 
to  overcome  rigidity  of  the  os  uteri.  It  is  valuable  in 
tetanus,  in  which  it  must  be  given  boldly  to  overcome  the 
convulsions.  In  delirium  in  fever  it  may  be  administered 
in  small  doses.  It  should  not  be  given,  however,  if  the 
delirium  can  be  controlled  by  other  means.  It  is  useful  as 
an  antispasmodic  in  obstinate  cases  of  hiccup.  Hydrated 
chloral  is  a  good  antidote  to  strychnin. 

DOSAGE:  From  0.30  to  1.30  gm.  or  from  5  to  20  grains 
dissolved  in  water  and  given  on  cracked  ice.  The  dose  may 
be  repeated  in  three  hours,  if  needed,  but  the  condition  of 
the  pulse  and  respiration  should  be  carefully  watched  when 
large  doses  are  given. 

While  hydrated  chloral  has  the  reputation  of  being  espe- 
cially dangerous,  this  refers  to  large  doses.  Smaller  doses. 
0.3  gm.  or  5  grains,  are  about  as  effective  as  the  ordinary 
doses  of  other  hypnotics  and  relatively  safe.  Habit  forma- 
tion is  quite  common,  perhaps  more  so  than  with  some  other 
hypnotics. 

Chloroform.— Chloroform,   U.    S.   P. 

A  liquid  consisting  of  from  99  to  99.4  per  cent,  of  chloro- 
form, CH.Cls,  and  from  0.6  to  1  per  cent,  of  alcohol,  C.,H5OH. 
added  as  a  preservative. 

Chloroform  is  now  largely  made  by  the  decomposition  of 
chloral  by  alkalies. 

PROPERTIES  :  Chloroform  occurs  as  a  heavy  clear,  colorless 
and  mobile  liquid,  of  a  characteristic  odor,  and  a  burning  sweet 
taste.  It  is  but  slightly  soluble  in  water  (1  :200),  but  is  mis- 
eible,  in  all  proportions,  with  alcohol,  ether  and  the  fixed  and 
volatile  oils. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  Chloroform  should  be  protected  from 
the  light  by  storing  in  a  dark  place  or  in  dark  well -stoppered 
bottles.  It  readily  deteriorates  under  the  influence  of  heat, 
light  and  air,  and  the  decomposition  products  must  be 
avoided  in  the  use  of  this  product  in  general  anesthesia. 
For  this  reason  the  vapors  should  not  be  allowed  to  come 
in  contact  with  a  flame. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Chloroform  acts  locally  as  a  pene- 
trating and  fairly  powerful  irritant,  which  may  blister  if 
its  evaporation  is  prevented.  It  is  used  in  liniments.  Taken 
by  mouth,  small  doses  are  carminative,  anodyne  and  anti- 
septic; it  is  therefore  used  in  gastric  fermentation  and 
colic.  Large  doses  are  sometimes  employed  as  a  vermifuge, 
but  are  rather  dangerous.  Excessive  doses  produce  uncon- 
sciousness and  coma,  similarly  to  the  results  of  its 
inhalation. 

Its  main  use  is  by  inhalation,  for  the  production  of 
general  anesthesia.  The  excitement  stage  is  similar  to 
that  with  ether,  but  of  shorter  duration  and  therefore  less 
unpleasant.  It  is  much  more  dangerous,  however,  most 
acute  fatalities  occurring  by  stoppage  of  the  heart  early 
in  the  administration.  This  danger  is  lessened  by  atropin. 


52  USEFUL     DRUGS 

The  anesthetic  stage  is  also  more  dangerous  than  with 
other,  there  being  a  gradual  but  progressive  fall  of  blood 
pressure,  even  if  the  administration  is  carefully  managed. 
The  fall  is  due  to  depression  of  both  the  cardiac  muscle 
and  vasomotor  center.  The  respiratory  center  is  also  more 
depressed.  If  an  excessive  concentration  is  given,  death 
occurs,  in  this  stage  usually  by  stoppage  of  respiration; 
but  since  the  heart  and  vasomotor  center  are  also  greatly 
weakened,  recovery  is  more  difficult  than  with  ether.  Some- 
times, especially  in  cardiac  disease,  the  heart  may  be  the 
first  to  give  out. 

The  irritant  actions  on  the  kidneys  and  respiratory  tract 
are  probably  about  the  same  as  with  ether. 

Prolonged  administration  is  especially  dangerous,  often 
producing  death  after  several  days  by  so-called  delayed 
chloroform  poisoning.  This  is  characterized  by  general  fatty 
degeneration,  especially  marked  in  the  liver,  which  may 
pass  into  a  condition  analogous  to  acute  yellow  atrophy. 

Chloroform  is  distinctly  less  safe  as  an  anesthetic  than 
ether  and  should  be  employed  only  when  ether  is  unavail- 
able or  its  use  inadmissible  for  some  reason.  Chloroform 
is  held  by  many  physicians  as  specially  suitable  for  anes- 
thesia in  children  and  during  childbirth. 

It  is  frequently  given  to  relieve  pain  in  the  stomach  or 
bowels,  especially  pain  of  a  colicky  nature. 

DOSAGE:     From  0.05  to  0.3  c.c.  or  from  1  to  5  minims. 

Chloroform  may  be  prescribed  in  a  variety  of  forms.  The 
Pharmacopeia  includes : 

Aqua  Chloroformi. — Chloroform  water,  U.   S.  P. 

A  saturated  aqueous  solution  •  of  chloroform  containing 
approximately  1  part  in  200. 

DOSAGE:  It  may  be  made  extemporaneously  by  adding 
a  few  drops  of  chloroform  to  a  glass  of  water,  shaking 
well  and  allowing  the  excess  to  subside.  A  teaspoonful 
contains  approximately  0.02  c.c.  or  Vs  minim  of  chloroform. 
The  average  dose  of  chloroform  water  is  15  c.c.  or 
4  fluidrams. 

Spiritus  Chloroformi. — Spirit  of  Chloroform,  U.  S.  P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  contain  6  c.c.  of  chloroform  in  alcohol. 

DOSAGE:  2  c.c.  or  30  minims  containing  0.12  c.c.  or 
2  minims  of  chloroform. 

Linimentum  Chloroformi. — Chloroform  Liniment,  U.  S.  P. 
A  30  per  cent,   solution   of  chloroform  in   soap  liniment. 

Chromii  Trioxidum.— Chromium  Trioxid,  U.  S.  P.,  Cr03. 

This  is  more  popularly,  though  incorrectly,  termed  chromic 
acid  and  should  contain  not  less  than  90  per  cent,  of  Cr03. 

PROPERTIES  :  Chromium  trioxid  occurs  as  needle-shaped  crys- 
tals or  prisms  of  dark  purplish-red  color  and  metallic  luster ;  it 
is  odorless,  destructive  to  animal  and  vegetable  tissue,  deliques- 
cent in  air  and  very  soluble  in  water  (1:0.5), 


USEFUL    DRUGS  63 

INCOMPATIBILITIES :  Because  of  its  powerful  oxidizing 
properties  chromium  trioxid  should  not  be  brought  in  contact 
with  alcohol,  glycerol  or  other  oxidizable  substances  or 
explosion  may  result. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  In  medicine  chromium  trioxid  is  used 
only  as  a  caustic  either  in  the  solid  form  or  in  aqueous  solu- 
tion. Holt  recommends  in  nasal  hemorrhage  from  ulcer 
of  septum  to  touch  the  ulcer  with  chromium  trioxid. 

Chrysarobinum. — Chrysarobin,  U.  S.  P. 

A  neutral  principle  extracted  from  Goa  powder,  a  sub- 
stance found  deposited  in  the  wood  of  Vouacapoua  Araroba. 

PROPERTIES  :  Chrysarobin  is  a  pale  orange-yellow,  micro- 
crystalline  powder,  tasteless,  odorless  and  irritating  to  the 
mucous  membrane.  It  is  very  slightly  soluble  in  water,  but 
rather  more  soluble  in  alcohol  and  partially  soluble  in  fats. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Chrysarobin  is  antiseptic  and  anti- 
parasitic  and  a  powerful  irritant  to  the  skin.  It  is  a  more 
powerful  stimulant  than  tar  and  must  be  used  with  cor- 
respondingly greater  caution,  except  in  dermatoses  in  which 
the  production  of  an  acute  inflammatory  reaction  is  not 
especially  to  be  dreaded.  It  is  employed  in  the  treatment 
of  fungus  diseases  of  the  skin  but  is  also  of  especial  use 
in  chronic  inflammatory  dermatoses  to  produce  a  healthy 
reaction. 

Chrysarobin  is  used  externally  in  ointment  or  solution 
in  the  strength  of  from  2  to  10  or  even  20  per  cent.  In 
the  weaker  proportions  it  is  often  quite  as  effective  as  in 
the  stronger  and  does  not  excite  acute  dermatitis. 

Chrysarobin  stains  the  skin  brownish,  the  hair  greenish- 
yellow,  the  nails  reddish-brown.  Its  use  about  the  head 
should  be  avoided.  It  also  stains  clothing  a  walnut-brown. 
This  stain  can  be  removed  by  dilute  solution  of  caustic  soda 
or  solution  of  chlorinated  soda. 

Unguentum  Chrysarobini. — Chrysarobin  Ointment,  U.  S.   P. 
Representing  a  solution  of  about  5  per  cent,  of  Chrysarobin 
in  benzoinated  lard. 

Cinchona.— Cinchona,   U.    S.   P. 

The  dried  bark  of  different  species,  principally  hybrids, 
of  Cinchona  yielding  not  less  than  5  per  cent,  of  anhydrous 
cinchona  alkaloids,  the  chief  of  which  is  quinin. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  The  preparations  of  cinchona  are 
seldom  used  to  obtain  the  systemic  effects  of  quinin.  They 
are  mostly  employed  as  bitter  tonics.  (See  Quinin.) 

Tinctura  Cinchonae. — Tincture  of  Cinchona,  U.  S.  P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  represent  about  20  gm.  cinchona  in  a 
mixture  of  alcohol,  water  and  glycerol. 

DOSAGE:      4  c.c.  or   1   fluidram. 


54  USEFUL     DRUGS 

Tinctura     Cinchonae     Composita. — Compound     Tincture     of 

Cinchona,  U.  S.  P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  represent  10  gm.  red  cinchona  with 
bitter  orange  peel  and  serpentaria,  as  aromatics,  in  a 
mixture  of  alcohol,  water  and  glycerol. 

DOSAGE:     4  c.c.  or  1  fluidram. 

Cinnamomum. — Cinnamon,   U.   S.   P. 

The  commercial  drug  is  the  dried  bark  or  inner  bark  of 
different  species  of  Cinnamomum. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  In  medicine  it  is  largely  used  as  an 
aromatic  or  carminative  preferably  in  the  form  of: 

Oleum  Cinnamomi. — Oil  of  Cinnamon,  U.  S.  P. 

A  volatile  oil  containing  about  75  per  cent,  of  cinnamic 

aldehyd   and    occurring    as    a    yellowish    liquid    having    the 

*  characteristic  odor  of  cinnamon  and  a  sweetish  spicy  and 

burning  taste.    It  is  freely  soluble  in  alcohol  but  only  very 

slightly  soluble  in  water. 

DOSAGE:     0.05  c.c.  or  1  minim. 

Aqua  Cinnamomi. — Cinnamon  Water,  U.  S.  P. 

A  saturated  solution  of  oil  of  cinnamon  in  distilled  water ; 
it  is  largely  used  as  a  vehicle. 

DOSAGE:     15  c.c.  or  4  fluidrams. 

Cocaina. — Cocaine,   U.    S.   P. 

An  alkaloid  obtained  from  several  varieties  of  Coca. 

PROPERTIES  :  Cocain  forms  large  colorless  prisms,  having  a 
slightly  bitter  taste  and  producing  on  the  tongue  a  temporary 
numbness.  It  is  only  slightly  soluble  in  water  (1  :  600),  soluble 
in  alcohol  (1  :5),  and  also  soluble  in  fixed  oils,  but  insoluble 
in  petrolatum  and  lard.  The  hydrochlorid  is  freely  soluble 
in  water. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  Solutions  of  cocain  or  of  any  of  its 
salts  after  being  kept  a  long  time,  or  on  boiling,  are  hydrol- 
yzed  more  or  less  completely  into  ecgonin,  benzoic  acid  and 
methyl  alcohol.  Solutions  of  cocain  cannot  be  sterilized  by 
boiling  without  some  loss,  but  the  amount  of  decomposi- 
tion is  so  small  as  to  be  insignificant. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Cocain  paralyzes  the  peripheral  nerves 
when  applied  locally,  causing  loss  of  sensation,  and  also 
contracts  the  blood-vessels.  The  mucous  membrane  becomes 
pale  from  local  constriction  of  the  vessels.  When  injected 
into  a  nerve  or  around  the  nerve  sheath,  anesthesia  of  the 
region  to  which  the  sensory  fibers  of  the  nerve  are  dis- 
tributed is  produced.  By  injecting  a  solution  of  cocain  into 
the  spinal  canal  anesthesia  of  the  greater  part  of  the  body 
can  be  produced,  but  this  method  has  often  resulted  in 
serious  accidents  or  fatalities  and  is  not  to  be  recommended, 
despite  the  reported  successful  use  by  individuals  who  have 
become  expert  in  recognizing  and  combating  untoward 
symptoms. 


USEFUL    DRUGS  55 

Cocain  produces  first  stimulation  and  then  depression  of 
the  different  segments  of  the  central  nervous  system, 
beginning  with  the  brain  and  extending  to  the  spinal  cord 
and  the  medulla.  The  stimulation  of  the  brain  has  generally 
passed  into  depression  before  that  of  the  spinal  cord  has 
begun  so  that  when  considerable  doses  have  been  given  the 
symptoms  may  consist  of  a  mixture  of  stimulation  and 
depression.  Stimulation  of  the  brain  is  shown  by  increased 
psychic  activity,  loss  of  sense  of  fatigue,  insomnia  and 
muscular  irritability.  Depression  is  shown  by  somnolence, 
stupor  and  finally  coma. 

Convulsions  frequently  occur  owing  to  cerebral  action. 

Respiration  is  at  first  quickened,  it  may  have  a  Cheyne- 
Stokes  character  and  later  symptoms  of  respiratory  paraly- 
sis appear.  The  heart  may  be  temporarily  stimulated,  but 
is  later  paralyzed.  The  pulse  is  accelerated  by  nervous 
stimulation.  The  blood-pressure  is  raised  by  small  doses 
but  later  falls  from  vasomotor  paralysis.  The  temperature 
may  be  increased  by  cocain. 

Cocain  is  a  mydriatic  acting  both  locally  and  centrally. 
The  dilatation  is  not  so  complete  as  that  produced  by  atro- 
pin,  and  reaction  to  light  is  not  abolished. 

The  therapeutic  use  of  cocain  is  derived  almost  exclu- 
sively from  its  anesthetic  properties.  It  is  much  used  to 
secure  bloodlessness  and  anesthesia  of  the  mucous  mem- 
branes of  the  conjunctiva,  nose  and  pharynx.  In  the  eye  it 
is  said  to  increase  the  action  of  other  alkaloids.  It  has  an 
injurious  action  on  the  cornea  in  certain  cases,  producing 
desquamation  of  the  epithelium  and  causing  a  keratitis.  It 
is  said  that  the  danger  of  such  injury  can  be  minimized 
by  closing  the  eyes  for  some  time  after  cocain  instillations. 
A  moist  compress  may  also  be  applied  when  strong  solutions 
are  used.  The  possible  danger  of  absorption  of  the  drug  from 
the  conjunctiva  should  not  be  forgotten.  Cocain  may  be  used 
as  an  anesthetic  in  operations  on  the  eye  and  is  considered 
better  than  any  of  its  substitutes  by  many  ophthalmologists. 

In  the  nose  cocain  is  used  for  astringent  purposes  in  early 
stages  of  coryza  and  other  inflammations  in  which  it  renders 
nose  breathing  easier  by  reducing  the  swelling  of  the  tur- 
binated  bodies.  It  is  also  employed  for  the  checking  of 
hemorrhage.  For  anesthetic  purposes  it  is  advantageously 
combined  with  solution  of  an  epinephrin  salt.  Hemorrhage 
of  capillary  origin  is  particularly  amenable  to  the  use  of 
cocain. 

The  painful  deglutition  and  other  inconveniences  of 
laryngeal  tuberculosis  may  be  alleviated  by  local  applica- 
tions of  cocain  solutions  to  the  ulcerated  areas.  A  more 
effectual  method  is  the  injection  of  cocain  solution  into  the 
sheath  of  the  superior  laryngeal  nerve.  Cocain  has  been 
much  used  by  local  application  to.  the  nasal  mucous  mem- 
brane or  by  insufflation  for  the  relief  of  asthma.  Swabbing 


56  USEFUL    DRUGS 

the  pharynx  with  a  solution  of  cocain  is  sometimes  employed 
to  facilitate  the  swallowing  of  the  stomach  tube.  Such  an 
application,  however,  is  seldom  needed. 

Cocain  has  been  employed  as  an  anti-emetic  when  vomit- 
ing depends  on  local  irritation,  but  it  should  not  be  used  for 
this  purpose.  It  may  be  applied  as  a  local  anesthetic  to 
hemorrhoids,  but  should  be  used  with  caution. 

DOSAGE:  For  internal  use  the  dose  is  0.03  gm.  or  y2 
grain.  As  a  local  application  to  mucous  membranes  it  is 
usually  employed  in  the  form  of  cocain  hydrochlorid  in  a 
solution  of  the  strength  of  from  2  to  10  per  cent.,  the 
average  being  about  4  per  cent.  In  the  stronger  solutions 
it  should  be  used  cautiously  for  fear  of  poisoning  from  the 
alkaloid  absorbed.  In  the  vagina  and  rectum  10  per  cent, 
solutions  may  be  used,  but  it  is  not  safe  to  use  solutions 
stronger  than  from  1  to  2  per  cent,  in  the  urethra. 

Cocainae  Hydrochloridum. — Cocaine  Hydrochloride,  U.  S.  P. 
The  neutral  hydrochlorid  of  the  alkaloid  cocain. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  It  is  incompatible  with  alkalies, 
sodium  borate  and  zinc  sulphate. 

DOSAGE:     0.03  gm.  or  y2  grain. 

Codeina.— Codeine,  U.  S.  P. 

An  alkaloid  obtained  from  opium  or  prepared  from  inor- 
phin  by  methylation. 

PROPERTIES  :  Codein  occurs  as  white,  nearly  translucent  crystals 
or  a  crystalline  powder,  odorless  and  having  a  faintly  bitter  taste. 
Codein  is  soluble  in  water  (1:88),  and  freely  soluble  in  alcohol 
1:12. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Codein  is  analgesic,  hypnotic  and 
sedative.  During  recent  years  it  has  come  to  be  used 
widely  in  place  of  morphin,  particularly  as  a  sedative.  As 
an  analgesic  it  is  of  value  chiefly  against  abdominal  and 
pelvic  pain;  it  is  largely  used  for  cough.  Codein  is  recom- 
mended by  some  authorities  in  place  of  opium  in  the  treat- 
ment of  diabetes. 

DOSAGE:     0.03  gm.  or  yz  grain. 

Codeinae  Phosphas. — Codeine  Phosphate.  U.   S.  P. 

A  salt  that  is  freely  soluble  in  water  ( 1 : 2.25 )  and  only 
slightly  soluble  in  alcohol  (1:261).  It  is  preferred  for 
hypodermic  use. 

DOSAGE:     0.03  gm.  or  y2  grain. 

Codeinae  Sulphas. — Codeine  Sulphate,  U.  S.  P. 

Soluble  in  water  (1:30)  and  very  slightly  soluble  in  alco- 
hol (1:1,035). 

DOSAGE:      0.03     m.  or   J/4   grain 


USEFUL     DRUGS  57 

Colchici  Semen. — Colchicum  Seed,  U.  S.  P. 

The  seed  of  Colchicum  autumnale,  assaying  not  less  than 
0.55  per  cent,  of  colchicin. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Colchicum  produces  marked  irritation 
of  the  intestines,  leading  to  looseness  of  the  bowels  with 
much  pain  and  watery  stools.  It  may  produce  severe 
inflammation  and  collapse.  The  collapse  is  believed  to  be 
due  to  the  intestinal  irritation  and  not  to  a  central  action. 
It  also  produces  marked  irritation  of  the  kidney,  which  may 
lead  to  severe  nephritis.  Colchicum  seed  is  said  to  be 
antineuralgic  and  analgesic.  By  many  it  is  considered  to 
be  a  specific  in  acute  gout,  controlling  the  pain  and  cut- 
ting short  the  attack.  It  may  be  given  to  prevent  the 
occurrence  of  gouty  attacks,  and  it  is  recommended  by 
some  to  continue  it  in  smaller  doses  after  the  attack. 

Tinctura  Colchici  Seminis. — Tincture  of  Colchicum  Seed,  U. 

S.  P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  represent  10  gm.  colchicum  seed  in 
approximately  55  per  cent,  alcohol;  it  should  assay  approx- 
imately 0.05  per  'cent,  of  colehicin.  It  is  similar  to  but 
not  identical  with  the  international  standard  tincture  of 
colchicum  seed. 

DOSAGE:      2   c.c.   or   30   minims. 

In  acute  gout  the  dose  is  from  10  to  30  minims  of  the 
tincture  once  every  four  hours  until  some  decided  evidence 
of  its  action,  such  as  nausea  or  slight  purging,  is  induced. 
Severe  purging  should  be  avoided.  Colchicum  is  of  little 
value  in  rheumatism. 

COLLODIA— COLLODIONS 

Collodions  are  solutions  of  pyroxylin  (guncotton)  in  a 
mixture  of  ether  and  alcohol,  or  of  acetone,  and  are  intended 
for  external  application. 

For  the  preparations  included  in  this  list  see  the  fol- 
lowing : 

Collodium.— Collodion,  U.  S.  P. 

A  solution  containing,  in  100  c.c.,  4  gin.  of  pyroxylin,  or 
guncotton,  in  a  mixture  of  3  volumes  of  ether  and  1  vol- 
ume of  alcohol.  It  is  used  as  a  protective  and  a  vehicle 
chiefly  in  the  form  of: 

Collodium  Flexile.— Flexible   Collodion,  U.   S.   P. 

A  mixture  of  collodion  with  Canada  turpentine  (5  per 
cent.),  and  castor  oil  (3  per  cent.).  The  addition  of  the 
small  proportion  of  castor  oil  makes  the  resulting  film 
clastic  and  more  tenacious.  The  turpentine  is  superfluous 
and  is  probably  retained  for  sentimental  reasons. 


58  .  USEFUL     DRUGS 

Colocynthis. — Colocynth,  U.  S.  P.     Bitter  Apple. 

The  peeled  dried  fruit  of  Citrullus  colocynthis.  from 
which  the  seeds  should  be  separated  and  rejected  in  making 
pharmacopeial  preparations. 

Colocynth  belongs  to  the  class  of  one-time  popular  hydra 
gogue  cathartics  whose  use  appears  to  be  on  the  decline. 
It  is  used  in  making: 

Extractum   Colocynthidis.— Extract   of   Colocynth,  U.   S.   P. 
DOSAGE:      0.03   gm.   or    %   grain. 

Extractum   Colocynthidis    Compositum. — Compound   Extract 

of  Colocynth,  U.  S.  P. 

A  complex  mixture  of  extract  of  colocynth  with  aloes  and 
other  drugs. 

DOSAGE:      0.5    gm.   or   7%    grains. 

The  latter  is  one  of  the  four  preparations  used  in  making 
the  compound  cathartic  pills  of  the  U.  S.  P. 

CONFECT10NES— CONFECTIONS 

Confections,  conserves  or  electuaries  were  formerly  used 
extensively,  and  usually  occur  as  soft,'  pasty  solids  con- 
sisting of  active  drugs  mixed  with  sugar  or  honey. 

Copaiba. — Copaiba,   U.    S.    P. 

An  oleoresin  derived  from  one  or  more  South  American 
species  of  Copaiba. 

PROPERTIES  :  Copaiba  is  a  pale  yellow  to  brownish-yellow  liquid. 
having1  a  peculiar,  aromatic  odor,  and  a  persistent,  bitter  and 
acrid  taste.  It  is  practically  insoluble  in  water,  partially  soluble 
in  alcobol,  and  freely  soluble  in  fixed  and  volatile  oils. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Copaiba  is  a  mild  stimulant,  laxa- 
tive and  diuretic.  It  is  chiefly  excreted  by  the  kidneys, 
partly  by  the  bronchial  mucous  membrane,  both  of  which 
it  stimulates.  It  is  also  excreted  by  the  skin  and  some- 
times produces  an  eruption  closely  resembling  that  of 
measles.  It  is  slightly  antiseptic. 

Copaiba  is  sometimes  used  in  chronic  bronchitis  as  a 
stimulating  expectorant.  It  is  chiefly  used  in  gonorrhea! 
urethritis,  being  applicable  only  in  the  chronic  form  of 
the  disease.  It  may  be  given  in  conjunction  with  oil  of 
sandal  or  the  oleoresin  of  cubeb. 

DOSAGE:  1  c.c.  or  15  minims  in  capsule  or  emulsion, 
four  or  five  times  a  day. 

Creosotum. — Creosote,  U.   S.   P. 

A  mixture  of  phenols  and  phenol  derivatives,  chiefly 
guaiacol  and  creosol,  obtained  during  the  distillation  of 
wood-tar,  preferably  that  derived  from  the  beech. 

PROPERTIES  :  It  occurs  as  a  colorless  or  slightly  yellowish, 
highly  refractive,  oily  liquid,  having  a  penetrating  smoky  odor 
and  a  burning,  caustic  taste.  Creosote  is  slightly,  but  not  com- 


USEFUL     DRUGS  59 

pletely  soluble  in  water  (1:140),  and  miscible  in  all  proportions 
with  absolute  alcohol ;  owing  to  its  disagreeable  odor  and  taste, 
it  is  seldom  administered  in  the  form  of  solution  or  mixture. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  When  given  internally  creosote  acts 
similarly  to  phenol.  It  is  antiseptic  and  is  one  of  the  few 
drugs  which  appear  to  have  a  just  claim  to  be  useful  as 
intestinal  antiseptics.  It  is  used  to  some  extent  externally 
for  its  antiseptic  power.  It  is  sometimes  applied  locally 
for  leukorrhea  and  other  infections  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane. It  has  been  given  as  a  stimulant  expectorant  in 
chronic  bronchitis  and  in  tuberculosis.  Experiments  show 
that  it  does  not  affect  the  viability  of  the  tubercle  bacilli 
in  the  lungs.  Some  observers  assert  that  its  favorable 
action  in  tuberculosis  is  due  to  the  production  of  intestinal 
antisepsis.  It  must  be  remembered,  however,  that  its  value 
in  tuberculosis  has  not  been  determined  beyond  doubt 
Less  reliance  is  placed  on  it  than  formerly. 

DOSAGE:  0.2  c.c.  or  3  minims  three  times  daily.  It  is 
preferably  administered  in  the  form  of  pills  or  capsules. 
If  it  impairs  the  appetite  and  disturbs  digestion  its  use 
should  be  abandoned. 

Cresol.— Cresol,  U.   S.  P. 

A  mixture  of  the  three  isomeric  cresols  obtained  from 
coal-tar,  freed  from  phenol,  hydrocarbons  and  water. 

Cresol  occurs  as  a  straw-colored,  refractive  liquid,  having  a 
phenol-like  odor  and  turning1  yellowish-brown  on  exposure  to 
the  air.  It  is  soluble  in  water  (1  :  60)  and  miscible  in  all  pro- 
portions with  alcohol,  petroleum  benzin,  ether  and  glycerol ;  it 
is  miscible  with  soap  solutions  and  with  solutions  of  alkali 
hydroxids,  yielding  an  economical  form  of  disinfectant. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Cresol  is  an  active  poison  resembling 
phenol  in  its  effects.  Its  germicidal  power  is  approximately 
four  times  as  great  as  that  of  phenol. 

DOSAGE:  0.05  c.c.  or  1  minim.  As  a  disinfectant  it  may 
be  used  in  solutions  varying  in  strength  from  %  to  1  per 
cent.  It  is  usually  employed  in  the  form  of: 

Liquor  Cresolis  Compositus. — Compound  Solution  of  Cresol, 

U.  S.  P. 

A  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  cresol  and  a  solution  of  a 
potassium  soap. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Compound  solution  of  cresol  has  about 
twice  the  germicidal  power  of  pure  phenol.  On  account  of 
its  saponaceous  character  it  is  much  used  for  the  disinfec- 
tion of  the  skin,  for  lubricating  the  hands,  and  for  vaginal 
douches. 

DOSAGE:  As  a  douche  and  for  washing  wounds,  solutions 
containing  from  1  to  5  per  cent,  are  appropriate. 

Cupri    Sulphas.— Copper    Sulphate,    U.    S.    P.,    CuS04?5H,0. 

PROPERTIES  :  Copper  sulphate  forms  large,  transparent,  deep- 
blue  crystals,  odorless,  having  a  nauseous,  metallic  taste.  Copper 
sulphate  is  freely  soluble  in  water  (1:2.2)  but  only  slightly 
soluble  in  alcohol  (1:400). 


00  USEFUL     DRUGS 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Copper  sulphate  is  incompatible 
with  soluble  salts  of  lead,  which  precipitate  the  insoluble 
sulphate  of  lead;  with  fixed  alkalies  and  alkaline  carbon- 
ates, which  precipitate  copper  hydroxid  or  copper  carbon- 
ate; with  iodids,  which  form  insoluble  cuprous  iodid  with 
liberation  of  iodin,  and  with  vegetable  astringents  con- 
taining tannin. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Copper  sulphate  is  astringent  in 
small  doses  and  irritant  in  large  doses,  producing  nausea 
and  vomiting.  Copper  sulphate  in  small  amounts  exerts- 
a  germicidal  action  in  water  containing  algae,  fungi  or  bac- 
teria of  the  colon  group;  but  when  organic  matter  is 
abundantly  present  the  germicidal  action  is  greatly  weak- 
ened. Externally  copper  sulphate  acts  as  an  astringent, 
stimulant  or  mild  caustic  according  to  the  strength  of  the 
application. 

Copper  sulphate  is  used  as  a  mild  caustic  in  trachoma. 
It  was  formerly  much  used  as  an  astringent  in  conjunc- 
tivitis. It  is  sometimes  used  as  an  emetic  but  is  not  to 
be  recommended  except  in  phosphorus  poisoning,  in  which 
it  acts  by  precipitating  an  insoluble  compound  of  phos- 
phorus and  copper.  It  is  occasionally  prescribed  for  chronic 
diarrhea. 

DOSAGE:  As  an  astringent  in  diarrhea,  0.01  gm.  or  1/5 
grain;  as  an  emetic,  0.3  gm.  or  5  grains,  not  to  be  repeated. 

As  a  caustic  it  is  applied  as  the  solid  crystal  or  in  pen- 
cils made  by  fusing  1  part  of  potassium  alum  and  2  parts 
of  copper  sulphate.  When  applications  are  made  to  trach- 
omatous  lids  the  affected  parts  of  the  everted  lid  should 
be  touched  lightly  with  the  copper  stick  and  the  eye  washed 
out  afterward  with  lukewarm  water.  Collyria  containing 
from  1  part  in  1,000  to  1  in  100  may  be  used. 

DECOCTA— DECOCTIONS 

Decoctions  are  aqueous  preparations  made  by  boiling  veg- 
etable substances  in  water  and  then  straining. 

Diacetyl-Morphinae    Hydrochloridum.  —  Heroin    hydrochlorid. 

N.   N.   R. 

The  hydrochloric  acid  salt  of  diacetyl-morphin,  a  base 
formed  by  the  action  of  acetic  anhydrid  on  anhydrous 
morphin. 

PROPERTIES  :  Heroin  hydrochlorid  occurs  as  a  fine  crystalline 
powder,  odorless  and  having  a  bitter  taste.  Diacetyl-morphin 
hydrochlorid  is  freely  soluble  in  water  and  In  alcohol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  It  is  incompatible  with  alkaline 
carbonates  and  hydroxids  and  also  with  strong  acids,  being 
•  quite  readily  decomposed. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Diacetyl-morphin  hydrochlorid  resem- 
bles morphin.  but  it  affects  the  brain  less  and  depresses  the 
respiration  more.  It  is  only  slightly  constipating.  Repeated 


USEFUL     DRUGS  61 

use  is  likely  to  produce  a  habit,  as  with  morphin.  The 
sudden  withdrawal  of  the  drug  from  habitue's  may  occasion 
dangerous  respiratory  failure.  The  use  of  heroin  is  resorted 
to  by  some  cocain  habitue's  who  cannot  procure  their  favor- 
ite drug. 

Diacetyl-morphin  hydrochlorid  is  used  as  a  respiratory 
sedative  to  relieve  cough.  It  is  perhaps  somewhat  more 
effective,  but  has  no  important  advantage  over  morphin. 
It  is  not  so  valuable  as  morphin  for  the  relief  of  pain. 

DOSAGE:     3  mg.  or   1/20  grain. 

DIGITALIS    SUBSTANCES 

This  group  includes  as  its  most  important  members  digi- 
talis, strophanthus  and  squill.  Others  of  the  group  are  of 
minor  importance.  The  drugs  of  the  group  increase  the  tone 
of  the  heart  and  arterial  muscles  and  stimulate  the  vagus 
mechanism.  In  this  way  they  slow  and  regulate  the  heart-beat, 
increase  the  cardiac  output,  and  thus  improve  the  circulation 
without  affecting  the  blood-pressure  directly.  They  are  em- 
ployed to  secure  compensation  in  valvular  lesions,  relieving 
the  congestion,  dyspnea,  edema  and  other  distressing  symp- 
toms and  increasing  the  flow  of  urine.  When  administered 
by  mouth,  their  absorption  is  slow  and  somewhat  uncertain 
and  their  effects  are  correspondingly  delayed  and  cumula- 
tive, so  that  they  must  be  carefully  watched.  Overdoses 
produce  nausea,  vomiting,  diarrhea,  headache,  cardiac  irreg- 
ularities and  heart-block.  The  emetic  action  of  ordinary 
doses  is  not  due  to  local  irritation,  as  commonly  supposed, 
but  is  central  and  therefore  cannot  be  avoided  by  rectal  or 
intravenous  administrations,  or  by  the  use  of  special  prepa- 
rations or  isolated  principles. 

Digitalis.— Digitalis,  U.  S.  P. 

The  dried  leaves  of  Digitalis  purpurea.  Digitalis  contains 
a  number  of  glucosidal  principles,  the  most  important  of 
which  are  digitoxin,  digitalin  and  digitalein,  the  actions  of 
which  are  essentially  similar.  A  number  of  preparations  of 
these  glucosids  are  on  the  market,  but  many  are  of  uncer- 
tain composition,  and  since  they  have  not  yet  demonstrated 
any  superiority  over  good  preparations  of  the  whole  drug, 
the  latter  are  to  be  preferred.  Digitalis  is  a  fairly  stable 
drug,  and  those  preparations  that  are  made  with  high  per- 
centages of  alcohol  retain  their  full  activity  with  little 
alteration  for  several  years.  Aqueous  solutions  deteriorate 
very  rapidly. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Digitalis,  either  in  substance,  or  as 
one  of  the  preparations  referred  to  hereafter,  is  a  cardiac 
tonic  and  diuretic.  (See  the  preceding.) 

Digitalis  is  useful  whenever  the  systole  of  the  heart  is 
insufficient  on  account  of  incomplete  exertion  of  its  mus- 
cular power.  It  causes  the  heart  to  empty  itself  more 
completely  and  prevents  it  from  dilating  excessively  during 


62  USEFUL     DRUGS 

diastole.  It  is  useful  in  decompensated  valvular  disease,  in 
dropsy  from  weak  heart-action  and  in  constantly  irregular 
pulse,  which  is  due  to  fibrillation  of  the  auricle. 

DOSAGE:  0.065  gm.  or  1  grain,  in  powder  or  pill.  Digi- 
talis is  a  drug  of  variable  strength,  and  hence  a  physiolog- 
ically standardized  preparation  should  be  used.  No  percep- 
tible effect  is  to  be  expected  in  less  than  twenty-four  hours 
after  oral  administration.  A  slowing  of  the  pulse  indicates 
the  beginning  of  its  physiologic  action;  nausea  and  vomiting 
coming  on  during  the  administration  of  the  drug  are  usually 
due  to  a  commencing  toxic  action.  If  the  vomiting  is  due 
to  other  causes,  the  administration  of  the  digitalis  may  be 
continued  best  by  a  different  channel,  such  as  the  rectum 
or  the  veins,  or  by  hypodermic  injection.  For  hypodermic 
and  intravenous  injections  special  preparations  must  be  used, 
for  which  N.  N.  R.  should  be  consulted. 

OVERDOSAGE:  As  an  overdose  of  digitalis  or  cumulative 
effects  are  most  readily  detected  by  a  study  of  the  pulse 
and  heart-action,  a  patient  who  has  been  given  digitalis 
should  be  kept  under  close  observation.  As  a  rule,  the 
conditions  which  require  digitalis  also  require  that  the 
patient  stay  in  bed. 

Symptoms  of  digitalis  poisoning  are  shown  by  nausea 
and  vomiting,  sometimes  great  gastro-intestinal  irritation, 
with  pain  and  diarrhea,  a  very  slow  pulse,  followed  by  a 
rapid  and  feeble  one,  or  heart-block  and  marked  prostration. 
The  heart  may  become  irregular  and  sudden  changes  in 
position  may  result  in  great  aggravation  of  the  condition 
and  sometimes  in  sudden  death.  On  the  occurrence  of  any 
of  these  symptoms,  the  administration  should  be  suspended. 

Aside  from  its  use  in  powder  or  pills,  digitalis  is  used 
largely  as : 

Infusum  Digitalis. — Infusion  of  Digitalis,  U.   S.  P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  represent  the  water-soluble  constituents 
of  1.5  gm  digitalis  partially  preserved  by  alcohol  ( 10  per 
cent.).  It  should  be  freshly  prepared. 

DOSAGE:      8  c.c.  or  2  fluidrams. 

Tinctura   Digitalis. — Tincture  of   Digitalis,  U.   S.   P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  represent  10  gm.  digitalis  in  diluted 
alcohol. 

DOSAGE:      1   c.c.  or  15   minims. 

Diphtheria   Antitoxin. — See   Serum  Antidiphthericum. 

Elaterinum.— Elaterin,  U.  S.  P. 

A  neutral  principle  obtained  from  elaterium.  a  substance 
deposited  by  the  juice  of  the  fruit  of  Ecballium  Elaterium. 

1'uqpEUTiES  •  Elaterin  occurs  as  minute,  white  hexagonul  scales 
or  prismatic  crystals,  without  odor  and  having  a  slightly  acrid, 
bitter  taste.  It' is  practically  insoluble  in  water  and  only 'slightly 
soluble  in  alcohol  (1  :262). 


USEFUL     DRUGS  63 

Recent  investigations  would  appear  to  indicate  that  the 
commercial  substance  is  extremely  variable  in  composition, 
and  this  is  in  keeping  with  clinical  observations,  many 
lots  of  the  drug  being  found  to  be  practically  inert.  Elat- 
erin  should  not  be  confounded  with  elaterium. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Elaterin  is  a  powerful  hydragogue 
cathartic,  causing  profuse  watery  evacuations  with  com- 
paratively little  pain. 

It  is  used  in  dropsy,  convulsions,  puerperal  eclampsia, 
etc.  If  used  too  freely  or  in  debilitated  persons  it  may 
produce  dangerous  weakness. 

DOSAGE:      0.005   gm.   or    1/10    grain. 

ELIXIRIA— ELIXIRS 

Elixirs   are   sweetened,   aromatic,  alcoholic  liquids   similar 
to  cordials  and  having  probably  the  same  origin. 
For  preparations  included  in  this  list  see : 
Elixir  Adjuvans,  under  Glycyrrhiza. 
Elixir  Aromaticum,  under  Alcohol. 

EMPLASTRA— PLASTERS 

Plasters  are  a  class  of  solid  preparations  for  external 
use  and  serve  either  as  simple  adhesives  or  as  counter- 
irritants.  The  official  plasters  are  practically  never  used 
but  are  replaced  by  the  commercial  plasters  made  on  a 
large  scale  by  machinery,  which  have  as  a  base  a  mixture 
of  rubber,  with  solvents  or  diluents. 

For  preparation  included  in  this  list   see: 
Emplastrum  Belladonnae,  under  Belladonnas  Folia. 

EMULSA— EMULSIONES— EMULSIONS 

Emulsions  are  aqueous  preparations  in  which  oils  or 
resins  are  suspended  by  means  of  mucilaginous  substances. 

ENEMATA— CLYSTERS 

An  enema,  or  clyster,  is  a  liquid  preparation  intended  to 
be  injected  into  the  rectum. 

Epinephrina. — Epinephrin,  N.  N.  R. 

The  'blood-pressure-raising  principle  of  the  suprarenal 
gland,  also  produced  synthetically,  is  official  in  the  French, 
Italian  and  Belgian  Pharmacopeias  as  adrenalin  and  in  the 
German  Pharmacopeia  and  the  supplement  to  the  Nether- 
lands Pharmacopeia  as  suprarenin.  In  N.  N.  R.  the  follow- 
ing synonyms  are  enumerated:  adnephrin,  adrenalin,  supra  - 
capsulin,  suprarenalin  and  1 -suprarenin  synthetic. 

PROPERTIES  :  Chemically  eplnephrin  Is  described  as  1,  2-di- 
hydrory^-methylamino-ethyl-^-ol  benzene,  C8H3(CHOH.CH2NH- 
CH2),  a  substance  with  feeble  basic  properties,  occurring  in  the 
suprarenal  gland  of  the  sheep  or  other  animal.  As  commercially 
obtained  it  is  a  finely  crystalline  white  or  yellowish  powder, 
odorless  and  slightly  bitter.  The  free  base  is  practically  insolu- 


04  USEFUL     DRUGS 

ble  in  water  and  is  usually  dispensed  in  the  form  of  an  aqueous 
solution,  1  :1,000,  of  one  of  its  salts.  Epinephrin  is  oxidized 
readily  and  is  thus  destroyed  in  dilute  alkaline  solution. 

ACTION  AND' USES:  Epinephrin  excites  the  action  of  the 
sympathetic  nerves  in  such  a  way  as  to  produce  a  variety 
of  effects  according  to  the  function  of  the  part  supplied 
by  the  nerve.  It  produces  a  sudden  rise  of  blood-pressure 
by  contraction  of  the  arterioles.  The  pulse  is  slowed  by 
an  action  on  the  vagi.  The  heart  is  stimulated  directly, 
but  the  resistance  offered  by  the  contraction  of  the  blood- 
vessels is  such  that  at  times  the  heart  is  unable  to  overcome 
it  and  suffers  passive  dilatation.  The  rise  of  blood-pressure 
which  results  from  the  action  of  this  drug  is  very  transient, 
lasting,  as  a  rule,  not  more  than  five  minutes.  When  given 
by  the  mouth  it  produces  no  evident  effect  on  the  circula- 
tion, but  it  is  readily  absorbed  from  the  mucous  membranes 
of  the  nose,  mouth,  urethra,  vagina  and  rectum,  producing 
local  contraction  of  the  blood-vessels.  Very  large  doses 
are  tolerated  when  given  hypodermically  on  account  of  the 
slow  absorption  due  to  the  constriction  of  the  blood-vessels 
of  the  part  into  which  it  is  injected.  It  acts  promptly  after 
intravenous  injection,  but  it  appears,  to  be  rapidly  elimi- 
nated or  destroyed  or  its  action  is  neutralized  by  antagonistic 
influences  on  the  sympathetic  ganglia.  Epinephrin  dilates 
the  pupil,  and  this  dilatation  was  employed  at  one  time  as 
a  measure  of  the  amount  of  epinephrin  present  in  the  blood, 
serum  or  other  liquid.  It  inhibits  the  peristaltic  movements 
of  the  intestine  and  increases  the  secretion  of  saliva  and 
other  glands  which  receive  their  nerve-supply  from  the  sym- 
pathetic. Epinephrin  may  produce  hyperglycemia  and  glyco- 
suria,  and  its  continued  use  may  cause  a  degeneration  of 
the  internal  coats  of  the  arteries. 

The  chief  therapeutic  use  of  epinephrin  is  to  constrict 
the  peripheral  blood-vessels  by  local  application.  In  this 
way  it  may  be  used  to  diminish  hyperemia  of  the  conjunc- 
tiva, to  reduce  swelling  of  the  turbinated  bodies  and  to 
arrest  hemorrhage  from  the  mucosa  of  the  upper  respiratory 
tract.  It  is  successful  only  in  capillary  or  small  arterial 
bleeding,  as  it  cannot  stop  a  large  vessel  hemorrhage.  It 
is  used  to  prevent  hemorrhage  in  operations  on  the  eye, 
nose,  ear,  etc. 

For  the  arrest  of  hemorrhage  it  must  Ifc  applied  directly 
to  the  bleeding  vessels  or  congested  area.  If  the  blood 
washes  it  away  the  application  may  fail  because  it  has  not 
time  to  act.  It  may  be  swallowed  to  check  hemorrhage 
from  the  stomach,  but  the  chances  of  success  are  Email 
because  a  quantity  of  liquid  is  usually  present  in  the 
stomach  which  dilutes  the  remedy  so  that  it  is  useless. 
It  should  never  be  given  for  internal,  concealed  hemorrhage, 
because  it  is  never  desirable  to  raise  blood-pressure  in 
internal  hemorrhage. 

Epinephrin   is   employed   in   conjunction    with   local   a nes 
tlictics,    especially    cocain,    to   limit   the    absorption    of    the 


USEFUL    DRUGS  65 

anesthetic  and  secure  a  more  efficient  local  action.  It  has 
been  used  in  asthma  both  by  applying  a  spray  to  the  nose 
or  throat,  or  by  the  absorption  of  a  tablet,  powder  or  solu- 
tion from  the  tongue,  and  also  by  hypodermic  injection. 

DOSAGE:  Epinephrin  or  one  of  its  salts  is  employed  in 
solutions  of  a  strength  of  from  1  :  10,000  to  1  :  1,000.  For 
internal  administration  the  dose  of  a  1  :  1,000  solution  is 
from  5  to  10  drops.  When  an  oily  vehicle  is  to  be  used 
the  base  itself  is  prescribed,  but  when  aqueous  solutions  are 
wanted  one  of  the  salts  should  be  employed. 

Ergota.— Ergot,  U.  S.  P. 

The  sclerotium  of  Claviceps  purpurea,  replacing  the  grain 
of  rye.  E'rgot  appears  to  owe  its  activity  to  two  active 
principles,  ergotoxin  (hydroergotinin)  and  hyclroxyphenyl- 
ethylamin.  The  latter  substance  is  closely  related  to  epi- 
nephrin  both  in  composition  and  in  pharmacologic  action. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  The  several  active  principles  of  ergot 
have  somewhat  different  actions,  but  the  total  effect  is  as 
follows : 

Ergot  causes  powerful  tonic,  sometimes  tetanic  contrac- 
tions of  the  uterus.  It  slows  the  pulse  by  stimulating  the 
cardio-inhibitory  centers.  It  also  produces  contraction  of 
other  involuntary  muscles  such  as  those  of  the  blood-vessels, 
stomach  and  intestines,  the  bladder,  etc.  It  seems  to  have 
a  specially  beneficial  effect  on  acute  congestions  of  the 
central  nervous  system. 

Extreme  and  long-continued  contraction  of  the  blood- 
vessels, especially  of  the  extremities,  may  lead  to  gan- 
grene. Some  animals  do  hot  show  this  action,  while  others 
are  very  susceptible. 

The  most  common  use  of  ergot  is  to  prevent  post- 
partum  hemorrhage.  For  this  purpose  a  full  dose  is  often 
given  as  soon  as  the  second  stage  of  labor  terminates,  but 
it  is  much  safer  to  give  it  after  the  placenta  has  been 
expelled.  Its  use  during  labor  should  be  avoided  as  it  may 
cause  rupture  of  the  uterus  or  asphyxia  of  the  child.  It 
is  an  effective  remedy  for  "after-pains."  Ergot  is  much 
used  for  hemorrhage  from  the  uterus  in  menorrhagia  and 
metrorrhagia.  Its  use  for  hemorrhage  from  other  internal 
organs  is  not  rational,  as  it  increases  blood-pressure  and 
tends  to  prolong  rather  than  check  the  bleeding. 

It  is  asserted  to  be  a  good  remedy  for  congestions  in 
various  regions.  It  has  been  recommended  for  the  treat- 
ment of  the  early  stage  of  acute  pneumonia  and  also  for 
pulmonary  congestion  in  typhoid  fever.  It  is  at  times 
useful  in  diabetes  insipidus.  In  colliquative  night-sweats  due 
to  relaxation  of  the  blood-vessels,  ergot  is  an  efficient 
remedy. 

DOSAGE:  2  gm.  or  30  grains.  It  is  sometimes  admin- 
istered in  the  form  of  powder. 


66  USEFUL     DRUGS 

Fluidextractum   Ergotae.— Fluidextract   of    Ergot,    U.    S.    P. 
(Extraction    Ergotae    Fluidum,    Pharm.    1890). 

A  hydro-alcoholic  extract  of  ergot  similar  to,  but  not 
identical  with,  the  international  standard  fluidextract  of 
ergot. 

DOSAGE:      2  c.c.  or   30  minims. 

Eucalyptus. — Eucalyptus,  U.  S.  P. 

The  dried  leaves  of  Eucalyptus  Globulus  collected  from 
the  older  parts  of  the  tree. 

Eucalyptol.— Eucalyptol,  U.   S.   P. 

An  organic  oxid  (cineol),  obtained  from  the  volatile  oil 
of  Eucalyptus  Globulus  and  from  other  sources. 

PEOPEBTIES  :  Eucalyptol  occurs  as  a  colorless  liquid,  having  a 
distinctly  camphoraceous  odor,  and  a  pungent,  spicy  and  cooling 
taste.  Eucalyptol  is  soluble  in  all  proportions  in  alcohol,  but  is 
practically  insoluble  in  water. 

DOSAGE:     0.3  c.c.  or  5  minims. 

Oleum  Eucalypti. — Oil  of  Eucalyptus,  U.  S.  P. 

The  oil  distilled  from  the  fresh  leaves  of  eucalyptus, 
and  yielding  not  less  than  50  per  cent,  of  eucalyptol 
( cineol ) . 

PROPERTIES  :  Oil  of  eucalyptus  occurs  as  a  colorless  or  pale 
yellow  liquid,  having  a  somewhat  camphoraceous  odor,  and  a 
pungent,  spicy  and  cooling  taste.  It  is  miscible  in  all  propor- 
tions with  alcohol,  but  practically  insoluble  in  water. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Eucalyptol  and  oil  of  eucalyptus  are 
antiseptic  and  expectorant.  For  internal  use  they  are 
preferably  administered  in  the  form  of  capsules,  and  for 
local  application  in  the  throat  or  nose  are  used  either  in  the 
form  of  oil  sprays  or  are  directed  to  be  inhaled  in  the  form 
of  vapor  from  boiling  water.  Oil  of  eucalyptus,  2  c.c.; 
chloroform,  3  c.c.  and  castor  oil,  40  c.c.,  mixed  and  taken  in 
two  portions  at  half-hour  intervals,  is  being  recommended  as 
an  anthelmintic  for  uncinariasis. 

DOSAGE:     0.5  c.c.  or  8  minims. 

EXTRACTA— EXTRACTS 

Extracts  are  soft  solid  or  powdered  preparations  made 
by  evaporating  a  solution  of  the  soluble  ingredients  of 
vegetable  drugs  at  a  low  temperature. 

For  preparations  included  in  this  list  see: 

Extractum  Aloes,  under  Aloe. 

Extractum  Belladonnae  Foliorum,  under  Belladonnae  Folia. 

Extractum   Cannabia  Indicae.  under  Cannabis   Indica. 

Extractum    Colocynthidis    and    Extractum    Colocynthidis 

Compositum,  under  Colocynthis. 

Extractum  Gentianae,  under  Gontuuiu. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  67 

Extractum  Nux  Vomicae,  under  Nux  Vomica. 
Extractum  Opii,  under  Opium. 

Extractum  Rhamni  Purshianae,  under  Rhamnus  Purshiana. 
Extractum  Rhei,  under  Rheum. 

Fel  Bovis.— Oxgall,  U.  S.  P. 

The  fresh  bile  of  Bos  taurus. 

Fel  Bovis  Purificatum—  Purified  Oxgall,  U.  S.  P. 

A '  yellowish-green,  soft  solid,  or  at  the  present  time 
more  frequently  a  yellow  or  greenish-yellow  powder,  havinir 
a  peculiar  odor  and  a  bitter  taste. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Purified  oxgall  is  reputed  to  be  an 
intestinal  antiseptic,  cholagogue  and  laxative.  The  bile 
salts  are  held  to  be  the  most  powerful  stimulants  to  the 
secretion  of  bile. 

DOSAGE:  0.5  gm.  or  iy2  grains.  It  is  best  administered 
in  the  form  of  pills  or  in  gelatin  capsules  which  have  been 
treated  with  a  solution  of  formaldehyd. 

Ferri   Carbonas. — Ferrous   Carbonate. 

PROPERTIES  :  Ferrous  carbonate  is  made  by  precipitating  a 
solution  of  a  soluble  ferrous  salt  by  a  soluble  carbonate.  Such 
a  precipitate  tends  to  give  off  carbon  dioxid,  absorb  oxygen  and 
change  rapidly  into  a  basic  carbonate,  and  finally  into  ferric 
hydroxid.  Various  pharmaceutical  processes  have  been  devised 
to  prevent  such  a  change.  The  principal  of  these  are  the  prepa- 
rations described  below  as  Vallet's  mass  (massa  ferri  carbonatis) 
and  Eland's  pills  (pilulae  ferri  carbonatis). 

ACTION  AND  USES:  The  action  of  all  forms  of  iron  is 
essentially  the  same  so  far  as  the  action  of  the  iron  ion 
is  concerned.  When  an  iron  salt  is  received  into  the  stom- 
ach it  may  be  converted  into  a  chlorid,  but  this  is  further 
changed  during  the  process  of  digestion.  The  original 
form  in  which  the  iron  was  combined  seems  to  make  little 
or  no  difference  in  regard  to  the  extent  or  the  form 
in  which  it  is  absorbed.  A  large  part  of  the  iron  ingested 
passes  through  the  intestines  without  being  absorbed.  A 
smaller  portion  is  absorbed,  mainly  through  the  lymph,  and 
is  deposited  for  a  time  in  the  blood-making  organs,  chiefly 
the  spleen,  where  it  is  retained  for  an  indefinite  time  as 
"reserve  iron."  Some  of  this  supply  is  used  in  forming 
hemoglobin,  which  enters  into  the  red  blood-corpuscles. 
The  rest  is  eliminated  by  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
large  intestine  and  only  traces  by  the  kidneys.  Iron  is  not 
eliminated  by  the  bile.  The  presence  of  iron  in  the  blood  in 
the  amount  resulting  from  medicinal  administration  produces 
no  recognizable  changes  in  normal  individuals.  Its  salts  with 
the  stronger  acids  may  act  as  gastro-intestinal  irritants 
and  astringents. 

The  only  therapeutic  action  attributable  to  the  iron  ion 
is  the  improvement  in  the  number  of  red  blood-cells  and  in 
the  amount  of  hemoglobin  in  them.  For  this  purpose  it  is 


, 


68  USEFUL     DRUGS 

indicated  in  anemia  and  in  diseases  of  the  blood  in  which 
anemia  is  a  factor,  such  as  leukemia.  It  is  chiefly  of  value 
in  anemia  following  hemorrhage,  in  chlorosis  and  in  sec- 
ondary anemias.  In  pernicious  anemia  it  seems  to  be  use- 
less, but  may  be  given  along  with  arsenic. 

Massa  Ferri  Carbonatis. — Mass  of  Ferrous  Carbonate,  U.  S.  P. 

It  is  better  known  as  Vallet's  mass.     It  contains  ferrous 

carbonate,    with    honey    and    sugar    as    preservatives,    and 

sodium  sulphate  resulting  from  the  process  of  manufacture. 

DOSAGE:      0.25  gm.  or  4  grains. 

Pilulae     Ferri     Carbonatis. — Pills     of     Ferrous     Carbonate, 

U.  S.  P. 

These  are  popularly  known  as  Blaud's  pills.  They  consist 
of  ferrous  carbonate,  potassium  sulphate  and  sugar,  with 
a  smaller  proportion  of  tragacanth  and  althea  to  make  a 
mass.  Each  pill  represents  approximately  0.06  gm.  or  1 
grain  of  ferrous  carbonate.  They  should  be  made  fresh 
when  wanted. 

DOSAGE:      2   pills. 

Ferri  Chloridum.— Ferric  Chloride,  U.   S.  P.  FeCl,. 
Used  in  medicine  principally  in  the  form  of: 

Tinctura  Ferri  Chloridi. — Tincture  of  Ferric  Chloride,  17.  S.  P. 

It  is  a  hydro-alcoholic  solution  of  FeCl3,  containing  not  less 
than  13.28  per  cent,  of  the  anhydrous  salt,  corresponding 
to  about  4.5  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron. 

PROPERTIES  :  Tincture  of  ferric  chlorid  is  a  bright  brownish 
liquid,  having  a  slightly  ethereal  odor,  a  very  astringent  taste 
and  an  acid  reaction,  miscible  in  all  proportions  with  either 
water  or  alcohol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  It  is  incompatible  with  alkalies, 
alkali  carbonates  and  with  tannin,  and  the  vegetable  astrin- 
gents. These  give  an  inky  color  to  the  mixture.  Tincture 
of  ferric  chlorid  is  also  incompatible  with  iodids,  from 
which  it  liberates  iodin. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Tincture  of  ferric  chlorid  is  an 
astringent  and  is  used  in  applications  to  the  throat.  It 
may  be  employed  as  a  hematinic.  It  is  also  sometimes 
given  in  infections  like  erysipelas,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  it 
has  any  special  value  in  this  disease. 

DOSAGE:      0.5    c.c.    or    8    minims,  freely    diluted.  Care 

should   be   taken    to   prevent   injury  to    the    teeth.  Equal 

parts  of  the  tincture,  glycerol  and  water  form  a  useful 
local  application  in  acute  tonsillitis. 

Ferri    et    Ammonii     Citras. — Iron     and    Ammonium    Citrate. 
U.  S.  P. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  60 

It  should  contain  the  equivalent  of  16  per  cent,  metallic 
iron. 

PROPERTIES  :  It  forms  thin,  transparent,  garnet-red  scales, 
without  odor,  having  a  saline,  mildly  ferruginous  taste  ;  deliques- 
cent in  moist  air.  It  is  freely  and  roadily  soluble  in  water,  but 
practically  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Iron  and  ammonium  citrate  is  one 
of  the  more  widely  used  of  the  soluble  preparations  of 
iron.  It  may  be  directed  to  be  dissolved  in  water,  aro- 
matic elixir,  wine  or  syrup.  It  has  been  given  hypoder- 
mically. 

DOSAGE:     0.25  gin.  or  4  grains. 

Ferri  lodidum. — Ferrous  Iodide,  FeL. 

Ferrous  iodid  is  a  very  unstable  compound,  easily  under- 
going oxidation.  In  order  to  preserve  it  in  the  ferrous 
condition  it  is  commonly  used  in  medicine  in  the  form  of 
syrup. 

Syrupus  Ferri  lodidi. —  Syrup  of  Ferrous  Iodide.  U.  S.   P 

This  is  a  syrup  liquid  containing  about  5  per  cent,  by  weight 
of  FeI2  and  practically  identical  with  the  international  stand- 
ard syrup  of  ferrous  iodid. 

PROPERTIES  :  Syrup  of  ferrous  iodid  occurs  as  a  transparent 
pale  green  or  yellowish  green  liquid,  having  a  sweet,  strong, 
ferruginous  taste  and  an  acid  reaction. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  The  syrup  is  very  susceptible  to 
oxidation,  and  is  incompatible  with  alkali  carbonates,  acid 
salts  and  vegetable  astringents.  On  exposure  to  light  the 
cane-sugar  of  the  syrup  undergoes  gradual  inversion. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Syrup  of  ferrous  iodid  has  the  gen- 
eral properties  of  both  iron  and  iodin. 

DOSAGE:  1  c.c.  or  15  minims,  containing  approximately 
0.008  gm.  or  %  grain  of  iron  and  0.04  gm.  or  %  grain  of 
iodin. 

Ferri  Phosphas  Solubilis. — Soluble  Ferric  Phosphate,  U.  S.  P. 

PROPERTIES  :  Soluble  ferric  phosphate  should  contain  the  equi- 
valent of  12  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron  and  occurs  in  thin,  bright- 
green  transparent  scales  without  odor,  and  having  an  acidulous, 
slightly  saline  taste.  It  is  freely  soluble  in  water,  but  practically 
insoluble  in  alcohol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  Strong  acids  decompose  it  with 
formation  of  the  astringent  ferric  compound  of  the  acid 
used.  Like  other  soluble  salts  of  iron  it  is  incompatible 
with  alkalies,  alkali  carbonates  and  vegetable  astringents. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Soluble  ferric  phosphate  has  been 
recommended  for  the  administration  of  iron  in  soluble  form, 
it  may  be  dissolved  in  water  and  flavored  with  simple 
elixir  or  sweetened  with  syrup. 

DOSAGE:     0.25  gm.  or  4  grains. 


70  USEFUL     DRUGS 

Ferri    Sulphas.— Ferrous    Sulphate,    U.    S.    P.,    FeS04,7H.,0, 
Green  Vitriol. 

PROPERTIES  :  Ferrous  sulphate  occurs  as  large,  pale  bluish- 
green  crystals,  without  odor,  having1  a  saline,  styptic  taste  and 
efflorescent  in  dry  air.  It  is  freely  soluble  in  water  (1:0.9),  but 
practically  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Ferrous  sulphate  is  seldom  adminis- 
tered in  medicine  as  such,  but  is  used  chiefly  for  pharma- 
ceutical purposes,  in  the  making  of  ferrous  carbonate.  The 
sulphate  was  formerly  used  extensively  as"  a  disinfectant 
and  deodorant  but  is  now  seldom  so  employed. 

DOSAGE:      0.2  gm.  or  3  grains. 

Ferri    Sulphas    Exsiccatus. — Exsiccated    Ferrous     Sulphate, 

U.  S.  P. 

One  hundred  parts  represent  approximately  150  parts  of 
the  crystalline  substance. 

PROPERTIES  :  Exsiccated  ferrous  sulphate  occurs  as  grayish- 
white  powder,  having  the  chemical  properties  of  ferrous  sulphate 
and  being  slowly  but  completely  soluble  in  water. 

Ferrum.— Iron,  U.  S.  P. 

Metallic  iron  is  used  pharmaceutically  in  the  production 
of  preparations  of  iron,  but  in  medicine  is  used  chiefly  in 
the  form  of : 

Ferrum  Reductum. — Keduced  Iron,  U.  S.  P. 

PROPERTIES  :  Reduced  iron  should  contain  not  less  than  90 
per  cent,  of  iron.  It  occurs  as  a  very  fine,  grayish-black  powder, 
without  odor  or  taste,  and  permanent  in  dry  air.  It  is  insoluble 
in  water  or  alcohol. 

DOSAGE:  0.065  gm.  or  1  grain.  Reduced  iron  is  still 
widely  used  as  a  hematinic  and  is  given  preferably  in  the 
form  of  pills  or  powders,  enclosed  in  capsules  or  cachets. 

FLUIDEXTRACTA— FLUIDEXTRACTS 

Fluidextracts  are  liquid  preparations  of  uniform  and  def- 
inite strength  made  so  that  each  cubic  centimeter  represents 
the  soluble  ingredients  of  1  gm.  of  the  crude  drug. 

For  preparations  included  in  this  list  see: 

Fluidextractum  Ergotae,   under   Ergota. 

Fluidextractum  Glycyrrhizae.  under  Glycyrrhiza. 

Fluidextractum  Hydrastis,  under  Hydrastis. 

Fluidextractum  Ipecacuanhae,   under   Ipecacuanha. 

Fluidextractum  Rhamni  Purshianae,  under  Rhamnus 
Purshiana. 

Fluidextractum  Rhamni  Purshianae  Aromaticum,  under 
Rhamnus  Purshiana. 

Fluidextractum  Sennae,  under  Senna. 

Fluidextractum  Viburni  Prunifolii,  under  Viburnum  Pru- 
nifolium. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  71 

Formaldehydum. — Formaldehyd,  CH20. 

Formaldehyd  is  the  aldehyd  of  formic  acid,  HCOOH. 
Formaldehyd  is  commonly  obtained  by  oxidation  of  methyl 
alcohol.  It  is  used  in  medicine  in  the  form  of : 

Liquor  Formaldehydi. — Solution  of  Formaldehyde,  U.  S.  P., 
often  referred  to  in  literature  under  the  proprietary 
name,  formalin. 

PROPERTIES  :  Solution  of  formaldchyd  is  an  aqueous  solution 
containing  not  less  than  37  per  cent,  of  formaldehyd,  CH2O.  It 
is  a  clear,  colorless  liquid,  having  a  pungent  odor  and  caustic 
taste.  Solution  of  formaldehyd  is  miscible  in  all  proportions  with 
water -and  alcohol.  On  standing  it  sometimes  loses  its  trans- 
parency, its  cloudiness  being  due  to  the  separation  of  paraformal- 
dehyd,  a  polymerization  product  of  formaldehyd.  Paraformalde- 
hyd  is  also  frequently  formed  on  evaporation  of  the  solution. 
Paraformaldehyd  is  a  solid  which  is  largely  changed  again  into 
formaldehyd  on  heating. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  Solution  of  formaldehyd  is  incom- 
patible with  oxidizing  agents  and  with  alkalies.  With 
ammonia  it  forms  hexamethylenamin. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Formaldehyd  is  a  powerful  germi- 
cide, especially  valuable  in  the  form  of  gas  because  of  its 
penetrating  power,  but  it  is  active  only  in  the  presence 
of  an  abundance  of  moisture.  The  solution  is  germicidal 
in  the  strength  of  from  1  to  2  per  cent,  (percentages  refer 
to  amounts  of  absolute  formaldehyd,  HCOH),  but  it  may 
require  from  twenty  to  thirty  minutes  for  it  to  act.  In 
a  strength  of  1  :  5,000  it  restrains  the  growth  of  many 
organisms,  and  in  many  cases  a  strength  of  1  :  20,000  or 
1  :  30,000  is  sufficient  to  prevent  the  multiplication  of  bac- 
teria. It  is  useful  as  a  preservative  of  urine,  although  its 
reducing  properties  interfere  with  copper  tests  for  sugar, 
and  it  is  likely  after  the  urine  has  stood  some  time  to 
cause  a  precipitation  of  albumin,  if  present. 

It  hardens  tissues  and  is  used  in  histology  for  this  pur- 
pose. It  has  a  similar  hardening  effect  on  the  living  skin; 
it  is  very  irritating  and  if  repeatedly  or  continuously 
applied  produces  reddening,  inflammation  and  necrosis.  It 
is  applied  to  the  skin  to  restrain  unilateral  and  excessive 
sweating.  From  1  to  10  per  cent,  solutions  in  alcohol  are 
appropriate  for  this  purpose.  It  is  sometimes  used  for 
the  disinfection  of  the  hands,  in  connection  with  a  solution 
of  soap. 

The  use  of  formaldehyd  for  the  preservation  of  food  has 
been  quite  commonly  condemned  on  account  of  the  disturb- 
ance of  digestion  which  often  follows  its  ingestion. 

The  principal  application  of  formaldehyd  is  in  room  dis- 
infection. For  this  purpose  the  vapor  must  be  generated  in 
a  tightly  closed  room,  containing  plenty  of  moisture.  Sev- 
eral methods  have  been  described  for  generating  the  vapor, 
the  most  convenient  being  by  the  use  of  potassium  perman- 


72  USEFUL     DRUGS 

ganate  which,  when  added  to  the  solution,  by  decomposing  a 
part  of  the  formaldehyd,  generates  sufficient  heat  to  vapor- 
ize the  remainder.  For  an  ordinary-sized  room  2  pounds  of 
potassium  permanganate  are  placed  in  a  vessel  of  at  least 
25  quarts'  capacity  and  a  mixture  of  1  quart  of  formaldehyd 
solution  and  1  quart  of  water  poured  on  it.  Intense  heat 
is  generated  by  the  reaction  of  the  two  chemicals,  and 
by  this  heat  the  formaldehyd  is  vaporized.  The  heat  is 
so  great  as  sometimes  to  cause  fire,  against  which  due 
precautions  should  be  taken.  When  the  mixture  has  been 
made  the  operator  should  leave  the  room  instantly.  After 
the  disinfection  is  complete  the  irritating  fumes  can  be  neu- 
tralized by  ammonia. 

Gelatinum,— Gelatin,  U.  S.  P. 

The  purified  air-dried  product  of  the  hydrolysis  of  certain 
•     animal  tissues,  as  skin,  ligaments  and  bones,  by  treatment 
with  boiling  water. 

An  amorphous,  more  or  less  transparent  solid,  usually  shredded 
or  in  thin  sheets  ;  colorless  or  with  a  slight  yellowish  tint,  ino- 
dorous, and  having  a  slight,  characteristic,  almost  insipid  taste. 
Unalterable  in  the  air  when  dry,  but  putrefying  rapidly  when 
moist  or  in  solution.  Gelatin  is  practically  insoluble  in  cold 
water,  but  swells  and  softens  when  immersed  in  it,  gradually 
absorbing  from  five  to  ten  times  its  weight  of  water.  It  is 
soluble  in  boiling  water,  acetic  acid  and  glycerin,  but  is  prac- 
tically insoluble  in  alcohol,  ether  or  chloroform. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  Gelatin  is  coagulated  by  tannin, 
chlorin,  bromin,  and  mercuric  chlorid.  If  a  solution  of  gela- 
tin be  mixed  with  formaldehyd,  the  gelatin  is  rendered  hard 
and  insoluble  after  evaporation  and  drying  of  the  residue. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Gelatin  is  largely  used  as  a  food 
product,  though  its  full  value  in  this  respect  has  probably 
been  exaggerated.  It  has  also  been  used  to  some  extent  in 
solution  for  hypodermic  injection  to  promote  the  formation 
of  clot  in  aneurysms,  and  to  arrest  hemorrhage.  There  is, 
however,  serious  danger  of  infection  from  its  use.  Even 
boiling  will  not  insure  sterility  as  it  may  contain  tetanus 
spores  which  are  not  destroyed  by  simple  boiling.  In  phar- 
macy gelatin  is  used  for  the  coating  of  pills,  the  making  of 
gelatin  capsules,  gelatin  disks,  glycogelatin  pastilles  and  for 
the  making  of  glycerinated  gelatin  used  as  a  base  for 
suppositories. 

Gentiana. — Gentian,  U.  S.  P. 

The  dried  rhizome  and  roots  of  Gentiana,  lutea. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Gentian  is  one  of  a  large  class  of 
substances  with  a  bitter  taste  which  have  the  power  of 
stimulating  the  appetite  and  may  possibly  stimulate  the 
secretion  of  the  gastric  juice.  Experiments  show  that  this 
effect  is  not  due  to  an  appreciable  extent  to  a  direct  action 
on  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  stomach,  but  arises  reflexly 
from  the  action  of  the  medicine  on  the  nerves  in  the  mouth, 
chiefly  those  of  taste. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  73 

Gentian  and  other  bitters  in  moderate  doses  given  a  short 
time  (five  to  fifteen  minutes)  before  meals  are  useful  in 
the  treatment  of  loss  of  appetite,  deficiency  of  the  gastric 
secretions,  chronic  or  subacute  catarrhal  gastritis,  etc. 

Tinctura  Gentianae  Composita.— Compound  Tincture  of  Gen- 
tian, U.  S.  P. 

A  hydro-alcoholic  tincture  representing  10  per  cent,  of 
gentian  with  bitter  orange  peel  and  cardamom  used  for 
flavor. 

DOSAGE  :     4  c.c.  or  1  fluidram. 

Extractum  Gentianae. — Extract  of  Gentian,  U.  S.  P. 

An  aqueous  extract  of  gentian  evaporated  to  pilular  con- 
sistence. 

DOSAGE:     0.25  gm.  or  4  grains. 

Glandulae  Thyroideae  Siccae.— Desiccated  Thyroid  Glands,  U. 
S.  P. 

The  thyroid  glands  of  the  sheep,  freed  from  fat,  and 
cleaned,  dried  and  powdered. 

PROPERTIES  :  Desiccated  thyroid  gland  is  a  yellowish,  amor- 
phous powder,  having  a  slight,  peculiar  odor,  and  containing  the 
active  constituent  of  the  thyroid  tissue.  It  is  partially  soluble 
in  water.  The  preparation  should  be  standardized  to  contain 
0.2  per  cent,  of  iodin  in  organic  combination. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Dried  thyroid  gland  acts  chiefly  if  not 
entirely  through  a  compound  of  iodin  contained  in  it;  the 
substance  known  commercially  as  "iodothyrin"  seems  some- 
times, but  not  always,  to  represent  the  full  activity  of  the 
gland.  When  given  in  therapeutic-ally  active  doses  thyroid 
causes  an  increase  of  the  nitrogen  of  the  urine  and  a 
decrease  in  weight;  it  usually  increases  the  absorption  of 
oxygen  and  the  elimination  of  carbon  dioxid.  It  is  one  of 
the  very  few  drugs  which  can  properly  be  called  stimulants 
of  metabolism.  The  loss  of  weight  is  at  first  due  to  loss 
of  water,  then  to  increased  metabolism  of  adipose  tissue, 
although  there  is  also  an  increased  breaking  down  of  pro- 
tein unless  the  diet  '-ontains  an  abundance  of  protein.  With 
larger,  or  long-continued  doses  there  is  a  very  rapid  action  of 
the  heart,  nervousness,  tremors,  headache,  flushing  of  the 
surface,  sweating  and  much  more  pronounced  loss  of  weight. 

Thyroid  gland  is  of  service  in  cases  marked  by  deficient 
action  of  the  gland.  The  most  striking  results  are  obtained 
in  cretinism  and  myxedema  and  in  the  condition  known  as 
cachexia  thyreopriva,  due  to  the  removal  of  the  thyroid 
gland.  The  beneficial  effects  are  seen  in  the  improved  con- 
dition of  the  skin,  the  reestablishment  of  perspiration  and 
of  a  normal  temperature,  increased  diuresis  and  loss  of 
weight,  improvement  in  the  mental  condition  and,  in  young 
subjects,  renewed  growth,  especially  of  the  long  bones  and 
of  the  hair.  In  many  cases  after  the  more  severe  symptoms 
of  hypothyroidism  have  disappeared,  remarkably  small  doses 


74  USEFUL    DRUGS 

suffice  to  keep  the  patient  in  an  almost  normal  state;  it  is 
often  necessary,  however,  to  continue  such  small  doses 
indefinitely. 

Thyroid  is  efficacious  in  many  cases  of  milder  degrees  of 
hypothyroidism ;  but  these  are  often  difficult  to  diagnose. 

In  some  forms  of  goiter  the  function  of  the  thyroid  is 
defective  and  the  administration  of  the  dried  gland  is  indi- 
cated; but  in  most  cases  of  goiter  its  use  is  condemned. 
Thyroid  has  been  much  used  in  obesity,  but  it  is  indicated 
in  only  a  small  proportion  of  cases  and  it  should  be  given  in 
moderate  amounts  so  as  not  to  do  harm  by  the  destruction 
of  proteins.  The  effects,  which  are  marked  at  first,  are  not 
permanent.  Thyroid  gland  has  been  used  with  reported 
success  in  various  skin  diseases,  such  as  psoriasis"  and 
eczema,  and  also  in  certain  cases  of  amenorrhea. 

DOSAGE:  0.05  gm.  or  1  grain  should  be  given  as  the 
initial  dose  three  times  daily,  increasing  gradually  until 
improvement  is  noted;  its  administration  should  be  discon- 
continued  if  toxic  symptoms  apppear.  The  patient  should 
be  careful  of  exertion  and  should  take  sufficient  protein 
in  his  diet  to  compensate  for  increased  loss  of  nitrogen 
from  the  action  of  the  drug.  The  remedy  may  be  given  in 
powder,  cachets  or  capsules.  A  dose  of  0.6  gm.  or  10  grains 
should  rarely  be  exceeded. 

Glycerinum.— Glycerin,  U.  S.  P.,  Glycerol,  C3H5(OH)3. 

A  liquid  obtained  by  the  decomposition  of  vegetable  or 
animal  fats  or  fixed  oils. 

Glycerin  occurs  as  a  clear  colorless  liquid,  of  a  thick,  syrupy 
consistence,  smooth  to  the  touch,  odorless,  sweet  to  the  taste  and 
producing  a  sensation  of  warmth  in  the  mouth.  It  is  readily 
miscible  with  water  or  alcohol. 

PROPERTIES  AND  USES:  Glycerin  is  used  in  medicine 
chiefly  as  a  solvent  in  preparing  glycerites,  and  as  a  sweet- 
ening agent  or  vehicle  in  place  of  syrups. 

Suppositoria  Glycerini. — Suppositories  of  Glycerin,  U.  S.  P. 

Each  suppository  contains  approximately  3  gm.  or  45  grains 
of  glycerin  gelatinized  by  means  of  hard  soap. 

ACTIONS  AND  USES:  A  glycerin  suppository,  or  glycerin 
itself,  when  introduced  into  the  rectum  tends  to  absorb 
water  from  the  surrounding  tissues  and  to  cause  increased 
peristalsis  by  reflex  action,  thus  acting  as  a  prompt  laxa- 
tive. 

GLYCERITA— GLYCERITES 

Glycerites  are  solutions  of  medicinal  substances  in  gly- 
cerin. 

For  preparations  of  this  type  included  in  this  list  see: 
Glyceritum  Acidi  Tannici,  under  Acidum  Tannicum. 
Glyceritum  Amyli,  under  Amylum. 
Glyceritum  Boroglycerini,  under  Acidum  Boricum. 
Gelatinum  Glycerinatum,  under  Gelatinum. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  75 

Glycerylis   Nitras. — Glyceryl    Trinitrate,   Nitroglycerin,    Trini- 
trin.     Glonoin. 

A  compound  of  glyeeryl  with  nitric  acid  obtained  by  the 
action  of  nitric  acid  on  glycerol  in  the  presence  of  sulphuric 
acid. 

PROPERTIES  :  Nitroglycerin  is  a  moderately  volatile  explosive 
liquid  slightly  soluble  in  water,  but  quite  soluble  in  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Although  a  nitrate,  nitroglycerin  has 
the  physiologic  action  of  nitrites  but  acts  more  slowly  than 
amyl  nitrite.  It  may  be  given  when  it  is  desired  to  effed 
a  steady  reduction  of  the  arterial  pressure,  but  it  gradually 
becomes  inefficient.  For  this  purpose  it  may  be  prescribed 
in  arteriosclerosis,  and  in  nephritis  in  which  a  high  blood- 
pressure  is  a  prominent  symptom.  It  is  used  with  success 
in  some  cases  of  angina  pectoris.  It  is  sometimes  combined 
with  digitalis  in  order  to  neutralize  the  contraction  of  the 
arterioles  by  the  digitalis  under  the  belief  that  therapeutic 
doses  of  digitalis  exert  a  pronounced  vasoconstrictor  action. 

Spiritus  Glycerylis  Nitratis. — Spirit  of  Glyceryl  Trinitrate, 
U.  S.  P.,  Spirit  of  Nitroglycerin  (Spiritus  Glonoini, 
Pharm.  1890). 

An  alcoholic  solution  containing  1  per  cent,  by  weight  of 
glyeeryl  trinitrate. 

PROPERTIES  :  Spirit  of  Glyceryl  Nitrate  is  a  clear,  colorless 
liquid,  having  the  odor  and  taste  of  alcohol.  Caution  should  be 
exercised  in  tasting  it,  since  even  a  small  quantity  of  it  is  liable 
to  produce  violent  headache. 

DOSAGE:     0.05  c.c.  or  1  minim  two  or  three  times  a  day. 

Glycyrrhiza.— Glycyrrhiza,  Licorice  Root,  U.  S.  P. 

The  dried  rhizome  and  root  of  Glycyrrhiza  glabra  (Span- 
ish licorice),  or  of  Glycyrrhiza  glandulifera  (Russian 
licorice).  Used  in  medicine  chiefly  as  a  vehicle  and  princi- 
pally in  the  form  of: 

Fluidextractum    Glycyrrhizae. — Fluidextract    of    Glycyrrhiza. 

U.  S.  P.  [Extractum  Glycyrrhizse  Fluidum,  Pharm.,  1890]. 

An  aqueous  extract  of  glycyrrhiza  preserved  by  means  of 
glycerin  and  alcohol. 

AVERAGE  DOSE:     2  c.c.  or  30  minims. 

A  simple  mixture  of  12  c.c.  of  fluidextract  of  glycyrrhiza 
and  88  c.c.  of  aromatic  elixir  is  official  in  the  U.  S.  P.  as 
"elixir  adjuvans." 

Glycyrrhiza  in  the  form  of  powder  is  used  as  a  flavoring 
agent  and  vehicle  in  connection  with: 

Pulvis  Glycyrrhizge  Compositus. — Compound  Powder  of  Gly- 
cyrrhiza, U.  S.  P. 
A   mixture   of  senna    (18   gm.),   glycyrrhiza    (23.6   gm.), 

sulphur  (8  gm.).  oil  of  fennel  (0.4  gm.),  and  sugar  (50  gm.). 


76  USEFUL     DRUGS 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Pulvis  Glycyrrhizae  Compositus  has 
been  widely  used  as  a  laxative. 

DOSAGE:  4  gm.  or  60  grains,  administered  mixed  with  a 
suitable  liquid,  preferably  milk. 

Guaiacol. — Guaiacol,  U.  S.  P. 

Guaiacol,  is  one  of  the  chief  constituents  of  beechwood 
creosote. 

PROPERTIES  :  Guaiacol  is  a  colorless  or  nearly  colorless  crystal- 
line solid,  melting  at  28.5  C.  (83.3  F.)  or  a  refractive  liquid, 
having  an  agreeable  aromatic  odor.  It  is  soluble  in  water  (1 :53), 
and  miscible  with  alcohol  in  all  proportions. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Guaiacol  is  antiseptic  and  germicidal, 
but  to  a  less  degree  than  creosote.  When  rubbed  on  the 
skin  it  is  absorbed.  When  given  in  this  way  it  is  an  active 
antipyretic,  but  its  action  is  not  easily  controlled.  It  is  an 
intestinal  antiseptic  and  also  an  expectorant.  It  is  not 
excreted  by  the  lungs,  however. 

DOSAGE:  Guaiacol  may  be  given  in  emulsion  or  in  the 
form  of  capsules.  The  initial  dose  should  be  0.1  c.c.  or 
about  1%  minims,  gradually  increased  to  0.6  c.c.  or  10  min- 
ims, if  well  borne.  It  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  pharynx 
as  a  50  per  cent,  solution  in  glycerin.  The  local  use  of 
guaiacol  as  an  antipyretic  is  not  to  be  recommended  on 
account  of  the  symptoms  of  collapse  which  sometimes  follow 
these  applications. 

Guaiacolis  Carbonas. — Guaiacol  Carbonate,  U.  S.  P.    (C7H,0), 

C03. 

Guaiacol  carbonate  is  a  white  crystalline  powder  of  neu- 
tral reaction,  almost  tasteless  and  odorless.  It  is  practi- 
cally insoluble  in  water,  but  is  soluble  in  alcohol.  It  is 
decomposed  readily  with  the  liberation  of  guaiacol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  It  is  incompatible  with  alkaline 
hydroxids. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Guaiacol  carbonate  is  inactive  until 
decomposed  with  the  liberation  of  guaiacol.  This  occurs 
only  in  the  presence  of  putrefactive  organisms  so  that  in  the 
intestine  it  acts  only  when  an  antiseptic  is  needed  and  the 
excess  fails  to  be  absorbed  and  is  excreted  with  the  feces. 
Consequently  it  is  ordinarily  not  poisonous.  It  is  used  inter- 
nally as  a  tasteless  and  non-poisonous  substitute  for 
guaiacol. 

DOSAGE:  1  gm.  or  15  grains.  It  may  be  given  in  pow- 
ders, capsules  or  cachets. 

Heroin  Hydrochloric!. — See  Diacetylmorphinae  Hydrochloridum. 

Hexamethylenamina. — Hexamethylenamin,  U.  S.  P. 

This  preparation  is  also  known  under  several  trade  names, 
of  which  aminoform,  formin  and  urotropin  are  included  in 

N.  N.  R. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  77 

Hexametliylenamin  is  hexamethylenetetramin,  (CH2)6N4,  a 
compound  produced  by  condensation  of  ammonia  and  for- 
maldehyd with  the  elimination  of  water. 

PROPERTIES  :  Hexamethylenamin  forms  colorless,  lustrous, 
odorless  crystals,  freely  soluble  in  water  (1  :1.5)  and  alcohol 
(1:10).  The  aqueous  solution  has  an  alkaline  reaction.  Hex- 
amethylenamin is  a  base  which  combines  with  acids  to  form  salts. 
These  salts  tend  to  lose  formaldehyd,  and  most  acids  decom- 
pose the  base  completely  with  the  liberation  of  formaldehyd. 
Even  in  aqueous  solution  a  slow  separation  of  formaldehyd 
occurs.  The  basic  properties  cf  hexamethylenamin  are  so  pro- 
nounced that  it  displaces  ammonia  and  other  weak  bases  from 
their  combinations. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  Hexamethylenamin  is  incompatible 
with  acids  which  liberate  formaldehyd  and  with  salts  of 
ammonium  from  which  it  separates  ammonia.  Acid  salts 
like  acid  sodium  phosphate  and  combined  acids  like  acetyl- 
salicylic  acid  (aspirin)  react  with  it  like  other  acids.  It  is 
also  incompatible  with  tannin  and  mercuric  chlorid,  which 
precipitate  hexamethylenamin. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Hexamethylenamin  produces  no  marked 
physiologic  effects  except  those  of  formaldehyd,  to  which 
it  gives  rise.  It  is  excreted  in  the  urine,  the  bile,  the  cerebro- 
spinal  fluid  and  other  serous  fluids  and  by  the  mucous  mem- 
branes of  the  respiratory  tract  and,  of  the  middle  ear.  When 
the  urine  is  acid  hexamethylenamin  is  decomposed,  yielding 
formaldehyd.  This  product  exercises  a  strong  antiseptic 
action  on  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  genito-urinary  tract. 
When  the  urine  is  alkaline  the  decomposition  does  not  occur. 
Formaldehyd  is  an  excellent  solvent  of  uric  acid,  and  hexa- 
methylenamin has  been  used  in  the  hope  of  dissolving  uric 
acid  calculi,  tophi,  gravel,  etc.,  and  has  been  thought  to 
increase  the  elimination  of  uric  acid.  Its  use  for  this  pur- 
pose, however,  has  practically  been  abandoned. 

The  chief  use  of  hexamethylenamin  is  as  a  urinary  anti- 
septic. It  tends  to  free  the  urine  from  micro-organisms, 
and  in  many  cases  causes  pus  to  disappear.  It  is  of  great 
value  as  a  prophylactic  in  operations  on  the  urinary  organs. 
It  is  valuable  in  cystitis,  pyelitis,  etc.  It  is  employed  as  a 
prophylactic  in  the  bacilluria  of  typhoid  fever:  Some  advo- 
cate its  routine  use  to  prevent  the  occurrence  of  this  compli- 
tion.  It  has  been  recommended  to  prevent  the  onset  of 
nephritis  in  scarlet  fever.  As  it  has  produced  albuminuria 
and  hematuria  in  some  cases,  it  should  be  used  with  caution 
in  cases  in  which  inflammation  of  the  kidney  is  present  or 
anticipated. 

In  view  of  its  excretion  into  the  spinal  canal,  it  has  been 
recommended  in  cerebrospinal  meningitis  and  in  poliomyelitis. 
There  is  a  tendency  to  extend  its  employment  to  infections 
of  the  respiratory  tract  and  to  the  treatment  of  catarrh  of 
the  intestine  and  biliary  passages.  Favorable  reports  have 
been  made  of  its  use  in  rhinitis,  otitis,  bronchitis,  etc.,  but 
further  investigations  are  necessary  to  establish  its  efficiency. 
There  is  no  good  reason  to  expect  a  therapeutic  action  from 
it  in  alkaline  mediums. 


78  USEFUL     DRUGS 

DOSAGE:  0.3  gm.  or  5  grains  three  or  four  times  a  day  in 
half  a  glass  of  water. 

Homatropinae    Hydrobromidum. — Homatropine    Hydrobromide. 
U.  S.  P. 

The  hydrobromid  of  an  alkaloid,  tropin  mandelate,  pro- 
duced synthetically. 

PROPERTIES  :  It  usually  occurs  as  a  white,  odorless,  crystalline 
powder,  having  a  bitter  taste.  It  is  freely  soluble  in  water 
(1:5.7)  and  soluble  in  alcohol  (1:32.5). 

INCOMPAIBILITIES  :  Homatropin  hydrobromid  has  the  ordi- 
nary incompatibilities  of  the  salts  of  alkaloids. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  The  actions  of  homatropin  are  iden- 
tical with  those  of  atropin,  except  for  the  fact  that  the 
mydriasis  produced  by  it  occurs  more  promptly  and  dis- 
appears in  about  eighteen  hours.  When  applied  freely  to 
the  conjunctiva  it  may  be  absorbed  so  that  the  bitter  taste 
can  be  perceived,  but  the  throat  does  not  become  dry  as 
after  atropin.  The  effect  of  this  drug  is  increased  by  mix- 
ture with  cocain. 

DOSAGE:  0.0005  gm.  or  1/125  grain.  Homatropin  is  used 
chiefly  as  a  mydriatic  in  place  of  atropin.  It  may  be  used 
in  aqueous  solution  of  2  per  cent,  strength,  or  a  drop  of  a 
1:500  solution  may  be  introduced  into  the  conjunctival  sac 
every  five  minutes  for  five  times  to  produce  a  maximum 
dilatation  in  three-quarters  of  an  hour.  This  will  return 
to  normal  in  from  fourteen  to  eighteen  hours. 

Hydrargyri  Chloridum  Corrosivum. — Corrosive   Mercuric  Chlo- 
ride, U.  S.  P.,  Corrosive  Sublimate,  HgCl2. 

PROPERTIES  :  Mercuric  chlorid  occurs  in  the  form  of  heavy 
colorless  crystals  or  a  heavy  white  powder  having  an  acrid  and 
persistent  metallic  taste.  It  is  permanent  in  the  air.  It  is  very 
slowly  soluble  in  water  (1:13),  and  freely  soluble  in  alcohol 
(1:3).  Ammonium  chlorid,  sodium  chlorid,  tartaric  acid  and 
citric  acid  enhance  its  solubility  in  water. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  Mercuric  chlorid  is  precipitated  from 
its  solutions  by  albumin,  but  redissolves  in  an  excess  of  the 
albumin  solution.  Albumin  in  the  form  of  egg-white  forms 
the  most  useful  antidote  to  corrosive  sublimate,  but  a  great 
excess  should  be  avoided  and  the  antidote  should  be  followed 
by  an  emetic. 

Mercuric  chlorid  is  incompatible  with  soluble  carbonates 
and  hydroxids,  forming  insoluble  mercuric  oxid,  and  with 
iodids,  forming  mercuric  iodid  or  complex  mercuric  iodids. 
It  is  incompatible  with  many  alkaloids  and  other  organic 
compounds.  It  is  reduced  to  calomel  or  metallic  mercury 
by  iron,  zinc  and  reducing  agents  in  general.  It  dulls  and 
tarnishes  surgical  instruments. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Mercuric  chlorid  is  chiefly  used  as  a 
germicide  and  an  antiseptic.  It  is  also  sometimes  used  as  a 
specific  antisyphilitic  agent.  In  a  proportion  of  1:20.000  it 
kills  non-spore  bearing  bacilli  and  in  the  proportion  of 


USEFUL     DRUGS  79 

1 : 300,000  inhibits  the  growth  of  many  bacteria.  Spores  of 
Bacillus  anthracis  are  killed  by  a  solution  of  1:1,000.  Its 
disinfectant  action  is  limited  by  its  deficient  penetration 
and  by  the  fact  that  it  is  greatly  reduced  by  combination 
with  organic  matter.  Mercuric  chlorid  is  irritant  to  the 
skin,  setting  up  a  dermatitis.  A  sufficient  amount  may  be 
absorbed  from  the  skin  to  produce  serious  poisoning.  The 
effects  of  the  poison  when  absorbed  from  the  skin  or  mucous 
membranes  are  seen  in  gastro-intestinal  irritation,  diarrnea, 
frequent  foul-smelling  and  bloody  passages  resembling  those 
of  dysentery,  various  nervous  symptoms,  irritation  of  the 
kidneys  with  albumin  and  casts  in  the  urine,  marked  weak- 
ness, etc.  When  taken  in  poisonous  doses  by  the  mouth  it 
produces,  in  addition,  irritation  and  ulceration  of  the  mouth 
and  throat,  vomiting  and  corrosion  of  the  mucosa  of  the 
stomach  and  intestines.  Salivation  and  swelling  and  ulcera- 
tion of  the  gums  sometimes  occur. 

Dilute  solutions  of  mercuric  chlorid  are  used  by  hypoder- 
mic or  intramuscular  injection  in  the  treatment  of  syphilis. 
The  injections  must  be  repeated  daily  and  have  the  dis- 
advantage of  causing  considerable  pain. 

Mercuric  chlorid  is  used  as  a  local  application  to  the 
skin  in  some  forms  of  skin  disease,  sometimes  as  an  anti- 
septic, but  also  for  the  purpose  of  producing  exfoliation  of 
the  epidermis.  It  is  sometimes  used  in  1  per  cent,  alcoholic 
solution  as  an  application  to  corneal  ulcers.  In  the  propor- 
tion of  1 : 5,000  it  may  be  added  to  collyria  to  prevent  fungus 
growths. 

DOSAGE:  From  0.002  to  0.01,  or  from  1/30  to  1/6  grain, 
in  solution  or  in  pill  form.  As  an  antiseptic  application  it 
may  be  used  in  solutions  varying  in  strength  from  1:20,000 
to  1:2,000.  For  disinfection  of  clothing  a  solution  of  1:1,000 
may  be  used.  To  excite  dermatitis  and  exfoliation,  solu- 
tions varying  in  strength  from  1:1,000  to  1:200  may  be 
used,  but  caution  should  always  be  exercised  in  employing 
the  stronger  solutions  for  fear  of  absorption  of  the  poison. 
The  injection  of  mercuric  chlorid  solutions  into  the  body 
cavities  should  be  undertaken  only  with  the  greatest  caution. 

Hydrargyri  Chloridum  Mite. — Mild  Mercurous  Chloride,  U.  S.  P., 
Calomel,  HgCl. 

PROPERTIES  :  Mild  mercurous  chlorid  is  a  white  impalpable 
powder,  becoming  yellowish-white  on  trituration  with  strong 
pressure,  odorless,  tasteless  and  permanent  in  the  air.  It  is 
practically  Insoluble  in  water,  alcohol  or  ether.  It  undergoes 
changes  when  exposed  to  the  action  of  light  or  under  the  influ- 
ence of  alkaline  chlorids,  bromids  or  iodids,  by  which  mercuric 
salts  are  more  or  less  rapidly  formed.  The  mercuric  salt  enters 
into  solution  in  combination  with  the  salt  of  the  alkali  metal 
present.  Alkaline  hydroxids  convert  it  into  mercurous  oxid ; 
ammonia  forms  with  it  a  mixture  of  mercury  and  mercuric 
ammonium  chlorid. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Calomel  is  incompatible  with  alkalies, 
with  oxidizing  acids  like  nitric  acid  and  also  with  soluble 
bromids  and  iodids.  The  fear  that  non-oxidizing  acids  like 


80  USEFUL     DRUGS 

hydrochloric    acid    will    form    mercuric    chlorid    from    it    is 
unfounded.    Calomel  is  not  incompatible  with  such  acids. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Mild  mercurous  chlorid  is  not  irritating 
to  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  mouth,  esophagus  and 
stomach,  but  it  provokes  bowel  movements  by  a  slow  action. 
This  action  has  been  thought  to  be  due  to  a  partial  change 
into  a  mercuric  salt  or  a  protein  compound.  The  absorption 
of  the  mercuric  salt  may  produce  symptoms  of  subacute 
mercurial  poisoning.  The  chief  indications  of  toxic  effects 
are  pain  in  the  abdomen,  loose  passages,  salivation,  loosen- 
ing of  the  teeth,  swelling,  soreness  and  ulceration  of  the 
gums,  foul  breath  and  general  malaise. 

Calomel,  was  formerly  supposed  to  have  a  cholagogue 
action,  but  it  does  not  increase  the  quantity  of  bile  secreted, 
although  by  its  cathartic  action  it  may  increase  temporarily 
the  amount  poured  into  the  intestine.  The  stools  resulting 
from  the  action  of  calomel  are  frequently  greenish,  result- 
ing from  changes  in  the  bilirubin;  this  is  partly  because 
the  bilirubin  in  the  intestinal  contents,  being  hurried  through 
the  colon,  fails  to  undergo  the  change  into  urobilin  which 
normally  occurs.  The  change  in  color  may  also  be  due  in 
part  to  the  formation  of  mercuric  sulphid. 

Calomel  is  used  for  a  special  effect  on  the  gastro-intestinal 
tract  which  is  sometimes  attributed  to  an  antiseptic  action. 
It  is  thought  to  be  of  special  value  as  a  cathartic  in  gastro- 
enteritis and  at  the  beginning  of  mild  catarrhs  of  the 
stomach  and  intestines.  It  is  also  frequently  used  to  empty 
the  bowels  in  conjunction  with  the  more  active  salines  in 
cases  of  infection,  or  toxemia.  It  is  sometimes  useful  in 
small  doses  to  check  vomiting  and  is  frequently  administered 
as  a  laxative  when  the  stomach  is  irritable  because  it  is 
retained  better  than  other  cathartics.  It  is  useful  as  an 
intestinal  antiseptic. 

Calomel  is  sometimes  an  excellent  diuretic  in  cardiac 
dropsy.  It  is  of  much  less  value  in  other  forms  of  dropsy. 

It  is  sometimes  applied  externally  to  sluggish  ulcers,  and 
is  used  by  insufflation  on  the  cornea  for  ulceration  or  opac- 
ities, phlyctenular  conjunctivitis,  etc. 

DOSAGE:  Only  a  small  portion  of  the  calomel  is  absorbed, 
so  that  minute  doses  are  generally  effective.  From  0.005 
to  0.02  gm.,  or  from  1/10  to  1/3  grain  may  be  given  every 
half  hour  or  hour  until  from  0.1  to  0.2  gm.,  or  from  1  to 
3  grains  have  been  given.  The  calomel  should  be  followed 
in  a  few  hours  or  the  next  morning  by  a  saline  cathartic. 
When  calomel  is  used  externally,  care  should  be  taken  that 
no  iodids  are  administered  internally  at  the  same  time, 
because  the  presence  of  iodids  in  the  secretions,  for  example, 
tears,  may  cause  the  formation  of  a  mercuric  salt  and  induce 
great  irritation. 

Hydrargyri  lodidum.  Flavum. — Yellow  Mercurous  Iodide,  U.  S. 
P.,  "Protiodid  of  Mercury."  Hgl,  formerly  also  called  "Green 
lodid  of  Mercury." 


USEFUL     DRUGS  81 

PEOPERTIES  :  Mercurous  lodid  is  a  bright  yellow,  amorphous 
powder,  odorless  and  tasteless.  By  exposure  to  light  it  becomes 
darker,  in  proportion  as  it  undergoes  decomposition  into  mer- 
curic iodid  and  metallic  mercury.  It  is  almost  insoluble  in  water 
and  wholly  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Mercurous  iodid  is  incompatible  with 
oxidizing  agents,  alkalies  and  the  haloid  salts  of  the  alkali 
metals  (chlorids,  bromids  or  iodids),  which  tend  to  decom- 
pose it  with  the  formation  of  mercuric  salts.  Alkali  iodids 
decompose  mercurous  iodid  with  formation!  of  metallic 
mercury  and  soluble  alkali  mercuric  iodid. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Mercurous  iodid  is  used  to  secure  the 
constitutional  effects  of  mercury,  especially  in  the  treat- 
ment of  syphilis.  Its  effects  are  much  the  same  as  those  of 
calomel,  although  it  is  not  so  likely  to  produce  diarrhea  or 
salivation  as  the  latter  preparation. 

DOSAGE:  In  syphilis  mercurous  iodid  is  best  given  in  pill 
form  in  doses  gradually  increasing  until  slight  toxic  symp- 
toms appear  in  the  form  of  pain  in  the  abdomen,  diarrhea, 
salivation,  etc.  During  its  administration  careful  attention 
should  be  given  to  cleanliness  of  the  mouth  and  skin.  The 
teeth  should  be  kept  in  good  order,  and  soreness  of  the 
gums  should  be  the  signal  for  interrupting  temporarily 
the  administration  of  the  remedy.  The  initial  dose  should 
not  exceed  0.015  gm.  or  14  grain  in  the  form  of  tablets, 
pill  or  powder,  three  times  a  day  after  meals,  and  this 
should  be  increased  by  the  addition  of  0.008  or  %  grain 
daily  to  the  limit  of  tolerance. 

Hydrargyri  lodidum  Rubrum. — Red  Mercuric  Iodide,  U.  S.  P.. 
"Biniodid  of  Mercury,"  HgL. 

PROPERTIES  :  Mercuric  iodid  is  a  scarlet-red  powder,  odorless 
and  tasteless,  and  permanent  in  the  air.  It  is  nearly  insoluble 
in  water,  but  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol  (1:116).  It  is  rendered 
soluble  in  the  presence  of  soluble  iodids,  such  as  an  equal  w_eight 
of  potassium  iodid  with  formation  of  potassium  mercuric  iodid. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  Red  mercuric  iodid  is  incompatible 
with  alkalies  and  their  carbonates  and  alkaloids  and  their 
salts. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Mercuric  iodid  is  used  as  an  anti- 
septic and  germicide.  It  is  more  powerfully  antiseptic  than 
mercuric  chlorid  It  may  be  applied  in  potassium  iodid 
solution.  It  is  also  used  for  the  internal  administration  of 
mercury.  A  solution  of  mercuric  iodid  in  sodium  iodid 
(mercuric  iodid  1  gm.,  sodium  iodid  3  gm.,  water  to  make 
100  c.c.)  has  also  been  used  as  a  means  of  administering 
mercury  by  intramuscular  injection. 

DOSAGE:  0.003  or  1/20  grain  three  times  a  day.  It  is 
frequently  formed  for  internal  administration  by  the  pre- 
scription of  a  mixture  of  corrosive  chlorid  of  mercury  and 
potassium  iodid. 

Gm.  or  c.c. 

H      Hydrargyri  chloridi   corrosivi 0|060 

Potassii  iodidi    6100 

Aquae 100| 

[M.] 


82  USEFUL     DRUGS 

Hydrargyri  Oxidum  Flavum. — YelloAV  Mercuric  Oxide,  U.  S.  P., 
HgO. 

PROPERTIES  :  Yellow  mercuric  oxld  is  a  light  orange-yellow, 
amorphous  powder,  odorless  and  having  a  somewhat  metallic 
taste.  It  is  permanent  in  the  air,  but  turns  darker  on  exposure 
to  light.  It  is  nearly  insoluble  in  water  and  in  alcohol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Yellow  mercuric  oxid  is  incompatible 
with  acids,  which  dissolve  it,  forming  mercuric  salts. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Yellow  mercuric  oxid  is  employed 
externally  as  a  stimulant  and  parasiticide.  Its  chief  use 
is  in  blepharitis,  phlyctenular  conjunctivis,  etc.,  in  which  it 
acts  as  a  stimulant. 

DOSAGE:  Yellow  mercuric  oxid  should  be  used  in  the 
strength  necessary  to  stimulate  without  producing  unneces- 
sary irritation.  An  ointment  varying  in  strength  from  0.5 
to  2  per  cent,  should  be  prescribed.  Some  ophthalmologists 
recommend  even  weaker  preparations. 

Unguentum   Hydrargyri   Oxidi    Flavi. — Ointment    of   Yellow 
Mercuric  Oxide,  U.  S.  P. 

A  10  per  cent,  mixture  of  yellow  mercuric  oxid,  with  water, 
hydrous  wool-fat  and  petrolatum. 

DOSAGE:  For  use  in  the  eye  it  should  be  diluted  with 
from  10  to  100  parts  of  petrolatum  so  as  to  reduce  the  per- 
centage of  mercuric  oxid  to  from  1  to  0.1  per  cent. 

Hydrargyri  Salicylas. — Mercuric  Salicylate,  N.  N.  R. 

A  mercuric  salt  of  salicylic  acid  in  which  one  atom  of 
mercury  is  combined  with  one  molecule  of  salicylic  acid. 

PROPERTIES  :  Mercuric  salicylate  is  a  white  amorphous  powder, 
tasteless,  odorless  and  neutral  to  litmus  paper.  It  is  nearly 
insoluble  in  water  or  alcohol,  but  soluble  at  the  ordinary  tem- 
perature in  solutions  of  sodium  hydroxid  or  sodium  carbonate 
with  the  formation  of  a  double  salt. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Mercuric  salicylate  is  incompatible 
with  iodids  and  (probably)  other  halogen  salts. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Mercuric  salicylate  is  used  as  an  anti- 
septic and  for  producing  the  internal  actions  of  mercury. 
It  is  much  used  by  hypodermic  or  intramuscular  injection 
in  the  treatment  of  syphilis. 

DOSAGE:  Mercuric  salicylate  is  given  by  intramuscular 
injection  in  a  10  per  cent,  suspension  in  liquid  paraffin; 
0.6  c-c.  or  10  minims  of  this  suspension  are  injected  once  in 
four  days.  It  is  held  by  some  clinicians  that  the  introduc- 
tion of  sufficient  mercury  by  the  mouth  to  eradicate  syphilis 
thoroughly  is  practically  impossible. 

Hydrargyrum. — Mercury,  U.  S.  P. 

PROPERTIES  :  Metallic  mercury  in  its  ordinary  form  is  a  shin- 
ing, silver-white,  volatile  and  fluid  metal  without  odor  or  taste 
In  its  massive  form  it  has  comparatively  little  physiologic  action 
and  is  not  poisonous  even  in  large  quantities.  When  it  has  been 
reduced  to  a  fine  state  of  subdivision  it  is  capable  of  absorption 


USEFUL     DRUGS  83 

either  by  the  skin  or  raucous  membranes,  and  then  produces  the 
ordinary  pharmacologic  effects  of  its  salts.  It  is  also  very  active 
in  the  form  of  vapor. 

Mercury  is  widely  used  in  the  form  of  the  following 
mixtures : 

Hydrargyrum   Cum   Creta. — Mercury   with   Chalk,  U.   S.  P., 

"Gray  Powder." 

A  powder  containing  38  per  cent,  of  mercury  with  clarified 
honey  and  prepared  chalk. 

PROPERTIES  :  By  long  shaking  and  trituration  of  the  mercury 
with  the  other  ingredients  it  is  reduced  to  so  fine  a  state  of 
subdivision  that  distinct  globules  cannot  be  seen  with  a  lens 
magnifying-  4  diameters.  The  preparation  then  forms  a  light 
gray,  slightly  adhesive  powder,  with  little  odor,  and  a  slightly 
sweetish  taste. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  This  preparation  is  used  in  general 
in  the  same  way  as  calomel,  but  it  is  less  irritating  to  the 
intestines  and  in  some  cases  does  not  move  the  bowels 
because  of  the  antagonizing  influence  of  the  chalk.  It  is 
often  used  to  secure  the  constitutional  effects  of  mercury 
in  cases  of  infantile  and  hereditary  syphilis. 

DOSAGE:  0.250  gm.  or  4  grains  contain  approximately 
0.1  gm.  or  1%  grains  of  metallic  mercury. 

Massa  Hydrargyri. — Mass  of  Mercury,  U.  S.  P.,  "Blue  Mass." 

A  mixture  of  33  per  cent,  of  mercury  with  glycyrrhiza, 
althea,  glycerin  and  honey  of  rose. 

The  mercury  is  reduced  to  such  fine  division  that  globules 
are  not  visible  under  a  magnification  of  10  diameters. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  The  effects  and  indications  for  this 
preparation  are  much  the  same  as  those  of  calomel.  It  may 
be  used  for  laxative  effects. 

DOSAGE:    0.250  gm.  or  4  grains. 

Unguentum  Hydrargyri. — Mercurial  Ointment,  U.  S.  P. 

A  mixture  of  50  per  cent,  of  mercury  with  prepared  chalk, 
benzoinated  lard  and  2  per  cent,  of  oleato  of  mercury. 

The  mercury  is  reduced  by  trituration  to  such  fineness 
that  globules  are  no  longer  visible  under  a  lens  magnifiying 
10  diameters. 

Unguentum  Hydrargyri  Dilutum. — Blue  Ointment,  U.  S.  P. 
Blue  ointment  is  made  by  mixing  approximately  2  parts  of 
mercurial  ointment  with  1  part  of  petrolatum.  It  represents 
approximately  33  per  cent,  of  metallic  mercury  and  conforms 
to  the  strength,  though  not  to  the  composition  of  the  inter- 
national standard  for  mercurial  ointment. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Mercurial  ointment  is  a  parasiticide; 
it  is  employed  for  the  destruction  of  lice,  but  other  measures 
are  more  cleanly  and  less  calculated  to  cause  irritation. 
The  rubbing  of  mercurial  ointment  into  the  skin  allows  the 
absorption  of  a  part  of  the  mercury,  thus  securing  its  con- 


84  USEFUL     DRUGS 

stitutional  effects.  This  is  regarded  by  some  authorities  as 
the  most  efficacious  method  of  treating  syphilis  except  the 
intravenous  or  hypodermic  method.  Inunction  has  the  great 
advantage  of  leaving  the  digestive  tract  undisturbed. 

DOSAGE:  2  gm.  or  30  grains  of  the  ointment  should  be 
rubbed  into  a  chosen  area  of  the  skin  at  night,  and  the  part 
anointed  should  be  cleansed  by  washing  in  the  morning.  A 
new  area  of  the  skin  should  be  chosen  for  inunction  the 
next  evening.  The  ointment  may  be  spread  on  cloths  and 
bound  on  a  part  of  the  skin  liable  to  some  friction.  If  der- 
matitis is  excited  by  this  method  of  application  it  will 
subside  rapidly  as  a  rule  on  washing  with  a  warm  alkaline 
lotion  and  dusting  with  some  bland  powder.  If  irritation 
seems  likely  to  arise  the  ointment  may  be  diluted  with  an 
equal  part  of  hydrous  wool  fat. 

Hydrargyrum  Ammoniatum. — Ammoniated  Mercury,  U.  S.  P. 

A  mercuric  ammonium  chlorid  produced  by  the  precipita- 
tion of  a  solution  of  mercuric  chlorid  by  a  solution  of 
ammonia;  it  should  represent  not  less  than  78  nor  more 
than  80  per  cent,  of  metallic  mercury. 

PROPERTIES  :  Ammoniated  mercury  forms  white  pulverulent 
pieces  or  a  white  amorp_hous  powder,  having  an  earthy,  after- 
ward styptic  and  metallic  taste.  It  is  practically  insoluble  in 
water  or  in  alcohol,  but  is  gradually  decomposed  by  washing 
with  water.  It  is  readily  soluble  in  warm  acids  with  decompo- 
sition. It  also  dissolves  in  cold  solution  of  ammonium  carbonate. 

Ammoniated  mercury  is  chiefly  used  in  the  form  of: 

Unguentum    Hydrargyri    Ammoniati. — Ointment   of    Ammo- 
niated Mercury,  U.  S.  P. 

A  mixture  of  10  per  cent,  of  ammoniated  mercury  with 
white  petrolatum  and  hydrous  wool-fat. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Ammoniated  mercury  in  the  form  of 
an  ointment  of  from  2  to  10  per  cent,  is  much  used  as  an 
antiseptic  and  local  stimulant.  In  the  strength  of  from  3  to 
5  per  cent,  it  is  an  efficient  and  non-irritating  application 
for  small  areas  of  suppurating  dermatitis.  In  stronger  pro- 
portions (from  8  to  12  per  cent.)  it  is  a  useful  stimulating 
ointment  for  exciting  a  healthy  inflammatory  reaction,  as 
in  psoriasis.  In  seborrhea  it  may  be  applied  after  removal 
of  crusts,  in  the  form  of  a  2  per  cent,  ointment. 

Hydrastis.— Hydrastis,  U.  S.  P.,  Golden  Seal. 

The  dried  rhizome  and  roots  .of  Hydrastis  canadcnsis,  yield- 
ing when  assayed  by  the  process  given  in  the  U.  S.  Pharma- 
copeia not  less  than  2.5  per  cent,  of  hydrastin. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Hydrastis  is  bitter  and  possesses  the 
tonic  and  appetizing  properties  of  other  bitters.  In  addition 
it  has  been  asserted  that  it  has  a  special  influence  on 
mucous  membranes,  promoting  their  nutrition  and  favoring 
their  return  to  a  normal  condition.  For  this  property  there 


USEFUL     DRUGS  85 

is  no  experimental  evidence,  and  in  the  opinion  of  some 
its  existence  is  doubtful.  The  action  of  hydrastis  on  the 
circulation  is  not  well  understood,  but  it  is  believed  that 
the  drug  stimulates  the  circulation  and  raises  the  blood- 
pressure.  It  has  a  stimulating  influence  on  the  uterus,  and 
has  been  employed  to  check  menorrhagia  and  metrorrhagia. 

Fluidextractum      Hydrastis.— Fluidextract      of      Hydrastis, 
U.  S.  P. 

A  solution  of  the  soluble  constituents  of  hydrastis  in  a 
mixture  of  •glycerin,  alcohol  and  water.  One  hundred  c.c. 
should  contain  2  gm.  of  hydrastin. 

Hydrastis  contains  also  berberine,  an  alkaloid  having  the 
properties  of  a  simple  bitter. 

Hydrastinin  is  an  artificial  alkaloid  derived  from  hydras- 
tin.  It  has  marked,  influence  in  raising  blood-pressure  and 
a  stimulating  influence  on  the  uterus  much  greater  than 
hydrastin,  from  which  it  is  derived.  It  is  chiefly  employed 
to  check  uterine  hemorrhage. 

DOSAGE:    The  dose  of  fluidextract  of  hydrastis  is  2  c.c.  or 

30  minims;  hydrastin  can  be  given  in  doses  of  0.01  gm.  or 

1/5  grain.  Hydrastinin  hydrochlorid  is  given  in  doses  of 
0.03  gm.  or  %  grain. 

Hydrogenii  Dioxidum.— Hydrogen   Dioxide,  Hydrogen   Peroxid. 

Hydrogen  dioxid  or  peroxid  is  a  compound  of  hydrogen 
and  oxygen,  H,(X,  of  syrupy  consistency,  which  has  a  strong 
tendency  to  decompose  into  water  and  oxygen  in  the  pres- 
ence of  oxidizable  substances  and  of  ferments  capable  of 
carrying  oxygen.  It  is  soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  ether. 
It  decomposes  readily  when  heated.  Strong  solutions  are 
much  more  stable. 

Aqua    Hydrogenii    Dioxidi.— Solution    of    Hydrogen    Dioxide, 

U.  S.  P. 

A  slightly  acid,  aqueous  solution  of  H202  (approximately 
3  per  cent.)  corresponding  to  about  10  volumes  of  available 
oxygen. 

PROPERTIES  :  Solution  of  hydrogen  dioxid  is  a  colorless  liquid 
without  odor,  but  having  a  slightly  acidulous  taste  and  producing 
a  peculiar  sensation  and  thick  froth  in  the  mouth. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  By  its  power  of  giving  off  oxygen  it 
becomes  a  germicide  and  is  employed  as  a  non-toxic  anti- 
septic application  to  suppurating  wounds,  inflamed  mucous 
membranes,  etc.  It  is  employed  as  a  topical  application  in 
the  throat  in  diphtheria  and  other  inflammatory  exudates. 

DOSAGE:    Solution  of  hydrogen  dioxid  is  usually  applied 
diluted  with  from  1  to  4  volumes  of  water.     It  should  be 
used   with   care   in   deep   cavities.     A   free   opening   for  the 
'      escape  of  foam  and  gas  should  be  provided. 


86  USEFUL     DRUGS 

Hyoscyamus. — Hyoscyamus,  U.  S.  P.,  Henbane. 

The  dried  leaves  and  flowering  tops  of  Hyoscyamus  niger. 

Tinctura  Hyoscyami. — Tincture  of  Hyoscyamus,  U.  S.  P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  represent  the  soluble  constituents  of 
10  gm.  of  Hyoscyamus  in  diluted  alcohol,  and  contain 
approximately  0.007  gm.  of  mydriatic  alkaloids,  chiefly 
hyoscyamin  and  scopolamin. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  The  uses  of  tincture  of  hyoscyamus 
are  similar  to  those  of  tincture  of  belladonna.  It  is  thought 
to  be  more  sedative  to  the  nervous  system. 

DOSAGE:    From  0.6  to  2  c.c.  or  from  10  to  30  minims. 

Ichthyol. — Ichthyol,  N.  N.  R.,  Ammonium  Sulpho-ichthyolate. 

Ichthyol  is  an  aqueous  solution  of  the  ammonium 
salts  of  sulphonic  acids  prepared  from  the  distillate  from 
bituminous  shales  found  in  the  Tyrol  and  elsewhere.  These 
shales  contain  the  fossil  remains  of  fishes. 

PROPERTIES  :  Ichthyol  is  a  reddish  brown  to  brown-black 
syrupy  liquid  having  a  characteristic  empyreumatic  odor  and 
burning  taste.  It  is  miscible  in  all  proportions  with  water, 
glycerol  or  oils,  but  is  incompletely  soluble  in  alcohol.  Its 
aqueous  solution  has  a  faintly  acid  reaction. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  The  actions  of  ichthyol  are  not  well 
understood.  It  penetrates  the  unbroken  skin  to  a  certain 
extent.  It  is  said  to  act  as  a  vasoconstrictor  on  mucous 
surfaces.  It  has  a  mildly  antiseptic  action.  On  account  of 
its  content  of  sulphur  it  is  credited  with  alterative 
properties. 

It  is  applied  to  the  skin  in  inflammatory  conditions  such 
as  erysipelas,  acne  vulgaris,  rosacea,  lupus  erythematosus. 
etc.,  to  lessen  hyperemia.  It  has  also  been  used  internally, 
but  it  is  impossible  at  present  to  determine  its  true  value. 
It  has  no  specific  action  in  tuberculosis,  although  it  has 
seemed  to  increase  appetite  and  strength  in  some  cases.  It 
has  been  tried  with  some  apparent  success  in  angioneurotic 
edema.  It  is  used  as  a  local  remedy  in  gynecologic  affections 
to  relieve  hyperemia  and  pain. 

DOSAGE:  The  application  of  pure  ichthyol  to  the  skin  is 
somewhat  irritating,  but  a  solution  of  25  per  cent,  strength 
is  generally  not  irritating.  In  chronic  rheumatism  a  50  per 
cent,  ointment  has  been  used  locally.  In  gynecology  it  is 
combined  with  glycerol  1 : 10.  Internally  it  may  be  given 
in  solution  or  in  the  form  of  pills.  The  dose  is  from  0.2  to 
2  c.c.  or  from  3  to  30  minims. 

INFUSA— INFUSIONS 

Infusions  are  aqueous  preparations  made  by  pouring  hot 
or  cold  water  over  a  vegetable  drug  and  allowing  the  mixture 
to  stand  for  a  definite  period  and  then  straining. 

For  the  preparation  included  in  this  list  see: 

Infusum  Digitalis,  under  Digitalis. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  87 

lodoformum. — lodoform,  U.  S.  P. 

lodoform  is  tri-iodomethane,  CHI3,  and  is  usually  prepared 
by  the  action  of  iodin  on  alcohol  or  acetone  in  the  presence 
of  alkali  or  alkali  carbonate. 

PROPERTIES  :  lodoform  forms  a  fine,  lemon-yellow  powder  or 
lustrous  crystals  having  a  peculiar,  very  penetrating  and  per- 
sistent odor,  and  an  unpleasant,  slightly  sweetish  and  iodin-like 
taste.  It  is  very  slightly  soluble  in  water  (1:10,000),  soluble 
in  alcohol  (1  :50),  and  very  soluble  in  ether  (1  :5  approximately). 
It  is  also  somewhat  soluble  in  fixed  oils. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  It  is  incompatible  with  calomel,  silver 
salts,  chlorates  and  nitrites. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  lodoform  is  a  local  anesthetic  and  an 
antiseptic.  When  absorbed  through  the  skin  or  from  denuded 
surfaces  it  produces  intoxication,  which  is  not  evident  until 
after  the  lapse  of  some  time.  When  swallowed  it  is  partly 
decomposed  with  the  production  of  iodids,  which  produce 
their  ordinary  effects.  Part  of  the  drug  is  absorbed,  how- 
ever, in  a  form  of  combination  not  yet  understood,  and  pro- 
duces symptoms  that  are  different  from  those  ordinarily 
caused  by  iodin.  lodoform  is  slowly  excreted,  iodin  com- 
pounds appearing  in  the  urine  for  several  days  after  a  single 
dose. 

The  symptoms  are  restlessness,  anesthesia,  sometimes 
unconsciousness,  occasional  convulsions,  hallucinations  and 
delusions  of  persecution,  rapid  pulse  and  elevated  tempera- 
ture; in  many  cases  collapse,  coma  and  death  may  follow. 

The  physiologic  actions  of  iodoform  afford  no  rational 
basis  for  its  internal  vise.  Externally  it  is  used  as  an  anti- 
septic and  stimulant  in  surgical  tuberculosis.  Several  odor- 
less organic  compounds  of  iodin  have  been  devised  as  sub- 
stitutes for  iodoform,  but  they  are  uniformly  less  actively 
antiseptic. 

DOSAGE:  0.25  gm.  or  4  grains.  It  is  usually  applied 
externally  in  the  form  of  a  dusting-powder,  but  may  be  used 
in  the  form  of  emulsion,  as  an  ointment  or  as  a  surgical 
dressing  in  the  form  of  gauze.  For  the  relief  of  hemorrhoids 
it  should  be  given  in  the  form  of  suppositories. 

lodum.— Iodin,  U.  S.  P. 

PROPERTIES  :  Iodin  is  a  heavy,  bluish-black,  dry  and  friable 
solid  crystallizing  in  rhombic  plates,  having  a  metallic  luster,  a 
distinctive  odor  and  a  sharp  and  acrid  taste.  It  is  readily  vola- 
tile. It  is  very  slightly  soluble  in  water  (1:5,000),  but  soluble 
in  alcohol  (1 :10).  It  is  also  soluble  in  solutions  of  iodids. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  Iodin  is  incompatible  with  alkalies 
and  alkali  carbonates,  the  alkaloids,  with  tannin  and  other 
vegetable  astringents  and  with  most  volatile  oils,  partic- 
ularly the  terpene-containing  oils. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Cutaneous:  Iodin  irritates  the  skin, 
causing  a  sensation  of  heat  and  itching.  In  concentrated 
solutions  it  may  cause  blistering,  or  even  corrosion,  but  it 
acts  more  slowly  than  many  other  irritants.  It  penetrates 


88  USEFUL     DRUGS 

into  the  deeper  layers  of  the  skin  and  small  quantities  are 
absorbed. 

lodin  is  applied  to  the  skin  for  the  purpose  of  exciting 
congestion  of  the  underlying  tissues.  This  congestion  is 
supposed  to  cause  the  absorption  of  exudates.  Its  action 
is  probably  overrated.  It  is  also  used  by  surgeons  for  the 
disinfection  of  the  skin,  for  which  it  is  considered  to  be  the 
most  desirable  agent.  The  application  is  made  by  painting 
the  tincture  over  the  part  to  be  disinfected.  The  skin  must 
be  dry;  wet  applications  should  not  be  used  previously.  It 
is  also  used  in  various  skin  diseases  for  the  purpose  of 
producing  an  acute  inflammatory  reaction  in  the  skin,  and  to 
cause  the  destruction  of  bacteria.  Its  effect  on  bacteria 
below  the  epidermis  is  probably  due  to  the  inflammatory 
reaction  which  it  excites  rather  than  to  any  direct  action  on 
the  bacteria.  For  the  prevention  of  tetanus  it  is  recom- 
mended to  apply  to  the  skin  about  the  wound  a  3  per  cent, 
alcoholic  solution  of  iodin  and  to  the  wound  pieces  of  gauze 
soaked  in  the  same  solution. 

INTERNAL. — Iodin  is  more  irritating  to  mucous  membranes 
than  to  the  skin.  It  is  seldom  used  internally  because  of 
the  irritating  action  on  the  stomach  and  intestines.  This 
irritation  may  be  so  great  as  to  excite  a  suppurative  gas- 
tritis. The  irritating  action  on  the  intestines  may  cause 
diarrhea.  Small  quantities  of  iodin  are  converted  in  the 
intestines  into  iodids  and  absorbed  in  this  form.  In  some 
cases  there  is  formed,  also,  a  protein  compound  of  iodin. 
After  absorption  iodin  acts  like  the  iodids  (see  Potassium 
lodid).  In  cases  of  iodism,  produced  by  the  use  of  elemen- 
tary iodin,  there  is  tachycardia  and  irritation,  of  the  nervous 
system,  but  not  so  much  affection  of  the  skin  and  respi- 
ratory tract  as  is  seen  after  the  administration  of  the  iodids. 

Iodin  should  rarely  be  used  internally;  in  treatment  of 
obstinate  vomiting  the  tincture  has  been  recommended  in 
doses  of  from  0.03  to  0.05  c.c.  or  from  %  to  1  minim  com- 
bined with  the  same  quantity  of  phenol,  given  in  a  little 
water. 

LOCAL  USES:  In  the  diseases  of  the  eye  iodin  is  some- 
times used  as  a  caustic  agent  and  germicide  to  corneal 
ulcers  of  the  simple  type.  It  should  be  applied  by  means 
of  a  pointed  toothpick  soaked  in  the  solution  and  used  very 
cautiously. 

For  the  treatment  of  chronic  granular  pharyngitis,  in  acute 
follicular  tonsillitis,  and  in  cases  of  middle  ear  catarrh 
associated  with  granular  pharyngitis,  it  may  be  applied 
mixed  with  glycerol  and  combined  with  other  remedies.  The 
following  formulas  may  be  used: 

c.c. 

I*      Tinct.    iodi    3|  m  xlviii 

Glycerin!    30 1  3  j-nv 

U      Tlnot.  iodi 

Tinct.  ferri  chlor. 

Glycerinl  aa    <j.  s. 

hi  gynecology  the  tincture  is  often  applied  directly  to  the 
interior  of  the  cervix  and  painted  over  the  mucous  membrane 


USEFUL     DRUGS  89 

of  the  vagina.  This  application  is  especially  recommended 
in  acute  gonorrheal  endocervicitis.  Solutions  of  iodin  have 
been  much  used  in  surgery.  The  tincture  is  often  injected 
into  cysts  to  cause  the  adhesion  of  their  walls.  Such  appli- 
cations should  be  made  with  caution.  It  is  applied  in  a  simi- 
lar way  to  fistulous  canals.  A  diluted  solution  is  useful  as 
a  stimulant  to  ulcers. 

Tinctura  lodi. — Tincture  of  Iodine,  U.  S.  P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  contain  7  gm.  iodin  and  5  gm.  potassium 
iodid  dissolved  in  alcohol.  This  preparation  is  quite  dis- 
similar to  that  formerly  official  in  the  U.  S.  P.  or  the  inter- 
national standard  preparation  generally  prescribed  in  Europe, 
as  it  contains  potassium  iodid.  The  U.  S.  P.  tincture  of  iodin 
has  the  advantage  of  being  more  stable  so  far  as  iodin  con- 
tent is  concerned  and  of  being  miscible  with  water. 

DOSAGE:    0.1  c.c.  or  1%  minims. 

Ipecacuanha.— Ipecac,  U.  S.  P. 

The  dried  root  of  Gephaelis  Ipecacuanha,  commercially 
known,  as  Rio.  Brazilian  or  Para  ipecac,  or  of  C.  aciiminata. 
commercially  known  as  Cartagena  ipecac. 

When  assayed  according  to  the  method  in  the  U.  S.  P., 
it  should  contain  not  less  than  1.75  per  cent,  of  ipecac 
alkaloids. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  When 'given  by  mouth  in  rather  large 
doses,  ipecac  causes  nausea  and  vomiting,  chiefly  through 
its  local  irritant  action.  It  is,  however,  neither  a  very 
rapidly  acting  nor  trustworthy  emetic..  Its  use  as  such  is 
almost  entirely  confined  to  pediatric  practice. 

In  smaller  doses  it  is  nauseant  and  is  used  to  promote 
the  secretions  of  the  respiratory  tract. 

Still  smaller  doses  may  act  as  stomachics  through  mild 
irritation  of  the  gastric  mucosa.  When  combined  with 
opium,  in  the  form  of  Dover's  powder,  ipecac  is  a  diaphoretic. 

Both  ipecac  and  one  of  its  principal  alkaloids,  emetin,  are 
believed  to  be  specific  against  amebic  dysentery.  In  the 
treatment  of  this  disease  large  doses  of  ipecac  are  required 
and  opium  or  some  other  depressant  drug  often  has  to  be 
given  to  prevent  the  occurrence  of  vomiting.  Emetin,  in  the 
form  of  the  hydrochlorid  can,  however,  be  given  hypoder- 
mically  in  doses  which  correspond  to  very  large  amounts  of 
the  crude  drug,  and  its  administration  does  not  cause  nausea 
or  vomiting.  It  is  probably  this  alkaloid  alone  to  which 
the  specific  action  of  ipecac  in  amebic  dysentery  is  due. 

DOSAGE:  The  expectorant  dose  of  ipecac  is  0.05  gm.  or 
1  grain.  As  an  emetic  1  gm.  or  15  grains  may  be  given, 
For  use  in  dysentery  it  may  be  given  in  salol-coated  pills. 
The  coating  should  not  be  too  thick,  lest  too  large  a  dose 
of  salol  be  given.  Ipecac  may  also  be  given,  suspended  in 
mucilage  of  acacia,  by  a  duodenal  catheter.  In  dysentery 
an  initial  dose  of  2  gm.  or  30  grains  may  be  given  and  vomit- 


90  USEFUL     DRUGS 

ing  should  be  prevented  by  a  previous  hypodernic  injection 
of  morphin.  The  dose  of  emetin  hydrochlorid  for  this  pur- 
pose is  0.03  gm.  or  y2  grain. 

Fluidextractum  Ipecacuanhae. — Fluidextracfe  of  Ipecac,  U.  S. 
P.      (Extractum  Ipecacuanhae  Fluidum,  Pharm.  1890). 

One  hundred  c.c.  represent  100  gm.  ipecac  in  approximately 
75  per  cent,  alcohol. 

DOSAGE:  As  an  emetic,  1  c.c.  or  15  minims;  as  an  expec- 
torant, 0.05  c.c.  or  1  minim. 

Syrupus  Ipecacuanhae. — Syrup  of  Ipecac,  U.  S.  P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  represent  7  c.c.  fluidextract  of  ipecac;  it 
is  approximately  seven  times  the  strength  of  the  inter- 
national standard  syrup  of  ipecac. 

DOSAGE:  As  an  expectorant,  0.25  c.c.  or  4  minims  given 
every  two  or  three  hours;  as  an  emetic,  15  c.c.  or  4 
fluidrams. 

Jalapa—  Jalap,  U.  S.  P. 

The  dried  tuberous  root  of  Exogonium  Purga.  Frequently 
used  in  the  form  of  powder. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Jalap  is  a  powerful  purgative,  produc- 
ing copious  watery  evacuations.  It  is  used  for  the  purpose 
of  removing  water  from  the  tissues  in  the  treatment  of 
dropsy. 

DOSAGE:     1  gm.  or  15  grains.     It  is  best  administered  as: 

Pulvis    Jalapae    Compositus. — Compound    Powder    of   Jalap, 
U.  S.  P. 

A  mixture  of  jalap  (35  gm.)  and  potassium  bitartrate 
(65  gm.). 

DOSAGE:    2  gm.  or  30  grains. 

L1XIMEXTA— LI  XI  -M  ENTS 

Liniments  are  liquid  preparations  intended  for  external 
application. 

For  preparations  included  in  this  list  see: 
Linimentum  Ammoniac,  under  Ammonia. 
Linimentum  Calcis,  under  Calx. 
Linimentum   Camphorae,   under  Camphora. 
Linimentum  Chloroformi,  under  Chloroformum. 
Linimentum  Saponis,  under  Sapo. 

Linum. — Linseed,  Flaxseed,  U.  S.  P. 

The  ripe  seed  of  Linum  iisitatissimiim.  Used  extensively  in 
the  ground  form  for  making  cataplasms. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  91 

Oleum  Lini.— Linseed  Oil,  U.  S.  P. 
A  fixed  oil,  expressed  from  linseed. 

PROPERTIES  :  Linseed  oil  occurs  as  a  yellowish,  oily  liquid, 
having  a  peculiar  odor  and  a  bland  taste.  It  is  soluble  in  abso- 
lute alcohol,  but  practically  insoluble  in  water. 

DOSAGE:    30  c.c.  or  1  fluidounce. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Linseed  oil  has  the  properties  of  other 
bland  oils,  but  is  seldom  administered  internally.  For 
pharmaceutical  purposes  it  is  used  in  the  making  of  lime 
liniment,  and  of  soft  soap. 

LIQUORES— SOLUTIONS 

Pharmaceutically,  solutions  are  aqueous  liquid  prepara- 
tions in  which  one  or  more  substances  are  completely 
dissolved. 

For  preparations  included  in  this  list  see: 
Liquor  Acidi  Arsenosi,  under  Arseni  Trioxidum. 
Liquor  Alumini  Acetatis,  under  Alumini  Acetas. 
Liquor  Ammonii  Acetatis,  under  Ammonii  Acetas. 
Liquor   Arseni    et   Hydrargyri    lodidi,    under    Arseni    Tri- 
oxidum. 

Liquor  Calcis,  under  Calx. 
Liquor  Cresolis   Compositus,  under  Cresol. 
Liquor  Formaldehydi,  under  Formaldehydum. 
Liquor  Magnesii  Citratis,  under  Magnesii  Citras. 
Liquor  Plumbi  Subafcetatis,  under  Plumbi  Acetas. 
Liquor  Potassii  Arsenitis,  under  Arseni  Trioxidum. 
Liquor  Potassii  Hydroxidi,  under  Potassii  Hydroxiduin. 
Liquor  Sodae  Chlorinatae,  under  Calx  Chlorinata. 
Liquor  Sodii  Hydroxidi,  under  Sodii  Hydroxidum. 
Liquor  Zinci  Chloridi,  under  Zinci  Chloridum. 

Lobelia.— Lobelia,  U.  S.  P. 

The  dried  leaves  and  tops  of  Lobelia  inflata.  Occasionally 
administered  in  the  form  of  powder. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Lobelia  has  almost  the  same  action  as 
nicotin.  Small  doses  stimulate,  and  large  doses  paralyze,  the 
respiratory  center.  The  vagus  endings  in  the  bronchial 
muscles  are  also  depressed  and  the  bronchi  are  relaxed. 
Small  doses  taken  continuously  cause  a  persistent  quicken- 
ing of  the  pulse;  moderate  doses  produce  nausea  and  large 
doses  produce  vomiting  with  marked  and  dangerous  collapse. 

Lobelia  is  no  longer  used  as  an  emetic.  As  an  expectorant 
it'  may  be  employed  to  increase  bronchial  secretion,  but  it 
must  be  used  with  caution.  It  is  chiefly  used  for  the  treat- 
ment of  bronchial  asthma,  in  which  it  often  renders  distinct 
service.  It  should  never  be  employed  in  asthma  due  to  or 
associated  with  heart  disease. 

Tincture  Lobeliae. — Tincture  of  Lobelia,  U.  S.  P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  represent  10  gm.  lobelia  in  diluted  alcohol. 
Dosage:    From  0.5  c.c.  to  1.5  c.c.  or  from  10  to  20  minims. 


!)2  USEFUL     DRUGS 

Ten  minims  may  be  given  every  fifteen  minutes  until  dis- 
tinct nausea  is  felt  or  relief  is  obtained. 

Magnesii  Carbonas. — Magnesium  Carbonate,  U.  S.  P. 

A  mixture  of  magnesium  carbonate  and  magnesium 
hydroxid,  approximately  (MgCOs)4.Mg(OH)2.5H20. 

PROPERTIES  :  Magnesium  carbonate  is  a  light,  white,  friable 
mass,  or  a  bulky,  white  powder,  without  odor,  and  having  a 
slightly  earthy  taste.  It  is  practically  insoluble  in  water  and  in 
alcohol,  but  soluble  with  effervescence  in  dilute  acids. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  It  is  incompatible  with  acids  which 
form  salts  of  magnesium. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Magnesium  carbonate  when  taken 
internally  neutralizes  the  acids  in  the  stomach.  It  may  be 
used  in  cases  of  hyperacidity  or  acid  gastritis,  but  it  is 
sometimes  objectionable  on  account  of  the  carbon  dioxid  gas 
evolved.  The  salt  formed  is  laxative.  If  magnesium  car- 
bonate passes  the  stomach  without  neutralization,  it  may 
escape  solution  in  the  intestines  and  not  act  as  a  laxative. 
Large  doses  sometimes  produce  an  accumulation  of  the  insol- 
uble carbonate  and  may  lead  to  intestinal  obstruction. 
Magnesium  carbonate  is  largely  used  as  a  dusting  powder  in 
intertrigo  and  in  similar  conditions,  and  as  a  cosmetic. 

DOSAGE:     3  gm.  or  45  grains. 

Magnesii  Citras. — Magnesium  Citrate. 

Liquor  Magnesii   Citratis. — Solution  <*f  Magnesium  Citrate. 
U.  S.  P. 

A  solution  containing  10  per  cent,  of  a  mixture  of  neutral 
and  acid  magnesium  citrate. 

The  materials  for  making  360  c.c.  or  12  ounces  of  the 
preparation  are  placed  in  a  strong  bottle,  potassium  bicar- 
bonate being  added  last,  and  the  bottle  properly  corked. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Solution  of  magnesium  citrate  is 
given  a"s  a  laxative. 

DOSAGE:  The  average  dose  is  one  bottle  containing  360 
c.c.  or  12  ounces,  often  given  in  divided  doses. 

Magnesii  Oxidum. — Magnesium  Oxid,  U.  S.  P.,  Calcined  Mag- 
nesia, MgO. 

PROPERTIES  :  Magnesium  oxid  is  a  white,  very  bulky  and  very 
fine  powder,  without  odor,  and  having  an  earthy  but  not  a  saline 
taste.  It  is  almost  insoluble  in  water  and  alcohol,  but  dissolves 
very  roadily  in  acids,  forming  salts  of  magnesium. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Magnesium  oxid  is  used  mostly  as  an 
antacid  to  neutralize  excessive  acidity  in  the  gastric  juice. 
It  is  especially  suitable  for  cases  of  hyperacidity  accom- 
panied by  constipation.  It  is  preferable  in  most  cases  to  the 
carbonates  or  bicarbonates  because  it  yields  no  gas  on  being 
neutralized.  It  is  sometimes  given  in  diarrhea  with  excessive 
acidity  in  children.  It  is  an  efficient  antidote  to  the  corrosive 
acids. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  9.3 

DOSAGE:  From  0.6  to  3  gm.  or  from  10  to  45  grains;  2.5 
gm.  or  40  grains  are  equivalent  to  the  average  laxative  dose 
of  magnesium  sulphate  (15  gm.  or  240  grains). 

Magnesii    Sulphas. — Magnesium    Sulphate,    U.    S.    P.,    MgS04, 
7H20.  "Epsom  Salts." 

PROPERTIES  :  Magnesium  sulphate  occurs  as  small,  colorless 
prismatic  needles  or  rhombic  prisms,  without  odor,  and  having 
a  cooling,  saline  and  bitter  taste.  It  is  freely  soluble  in  water, 
but  practically  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Magnesium  sulphate  is  one  of  the 
most  active  of  the  saline  cathartics.  When  injected  intra- 
venously or  intramuscularly  it  depresses  the  nervous  and 
muscular  structures,  but  the  absorption  from  the  alimentary 
canal  is  too  slight  to  produce  these  effects.  It  has  been 
injected  for  the  purpose  of  producing  spinal  anesthesia,  but 
its  action  is  too  uncertain  and  dangerous  for  use  in  man. 
It  has  been  used  in  a  few  cases  by  injections  in  the  sub- 
arachnoid  space  for  the  relief  of  tetanus. 

Concentrated  solutions  of  magnesium  sulphate  have  been 
widely  used  as  local  applications  in  various  inflammations, 
such  as  sprains,  burns,  erysipelas  and  the  like,  with  asserted 
beneficial  results. 

DOSAGE:  15  gm.  or  240  grains.  Magnesium  sulphate  may 
be  dissolved  so  that  1  c.o.  of  the  solution  contains  1  gm.  of 
the  salt,  and  of  this  solution  5  c.c.  are  given  hourly  until  a 
laxative  action  is  secured.  This  dose  should  be  followed  by 
sufficient  water  to  dilute  the  salt. 

Magnesii  Sulphas  Effervescens. — Effervescent  Magnesium  Sul- 
phate, U.  S.  P. 

A  mixture  containing  magnesium  sulphate  (50  per  cent.) 
with  sodium  bicarbonate,  tartaric  acid  and  citric  acid. 

DOSAGE:    15  gm.  or  240  grains. 

MASSAE— MASSES 

Masses  are  soft  solid  preparations  of  such  consistency  that 
they  can  be  made  into  pills  readily. 

For  preparations  included  in  this  list  see: 
Massa  Ferri  Carbonatis,  under  Ferri  Carbonas. 
Massa  Hydrargyri,  under  Hydrargyrum. 

MELLITA— HONEYS 

Honeys  are  sweet  liquids  having  honey  as  a  base;  they 
formerly  were  much  used  as  vehicles. 

Mentha  Piperita.— Peppermint,  U.  S.  P. 

The  dried  leaves  and  flowering  tops  of  Mentha  piperita. 

Oleum  Menthae  Piperitae. — Oil  of  Peppermint,  U.  S.  P. 

A  volatile  oil  distilled  from  the  fresh  or  partly  dried  leaves 
and  flowering  tops  of  peppermint. 


94  USEFUL     DRUGS 

PROPERTIES  :  Oil  of  peppermint  occurs  as  a  colorless  liquid, 
with  the  characteristic  peppermint  odor  and  a  strongly  aro- 
matic, pungent  taste,  followed  by  a  sensation  of  cold  when  air 
is  drawn  into  the  mouth. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Oil  of  peppermint  is  used  as  an 
aromatic  stimulant  and  carminative. 

DOSAGE:    0.2  c.c.  or  3  minims. 

Spiritus  Menthae  Piperitae. — Spirit  of  Peppermint,  U.  S.  P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  contain  10  c.c.  oil  of  peppermint  in 
alcohol,  colored  with  the  chlorophyl  extracted  from  pepper- 
mint. 

ACTION  AND  USES:    See  the  oil. 

DOSAGE:    2  c.c.  or  30  minims. 

Aqua  Menthae  Piperitae. — Peppermint  water,  U.  S.  P. 

A  saturated  solution  of  oil  of  peppermint  in  distilled 
water. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Peppermint  water  is  frequently  used 
as  a  vehicle  or  flavoring. 

DOSAGE:    16  c.c.  or  4  fluidrams. 

Menthol.— Menthol,  U.  S.  P. 

A  secondary  alcohol,  obtained  from  oil  of  peppermint, 
closely  allied  to  camphor. 

PROPERTIES  :  Menthol  occurs  as  colorless,  acicular  or  prismatic 
crystals,  having  a  strong  and  pure  odor  of  peppermint  and  a 
warm,  aromatic  taste,  followed  by  a  sensation  of  cold  when  air 
is  drawn  into  the  mouth.  It  is  only  slightly  soluble  in  water, 
but  freely  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  liquid  petrolatum,  etc. 

ACTION  AND  USES.-  Menthol  has  been  used  internally  for 
the  relief  of  gastric  pain.  Externally,  it  is  applied  on  the 
skin  as  an  anesthetic  and  cooling  application.  It  is  fre- 
quently used  in  the  solid  form  known  as  Menthol  pencils. 
One  of  these  is  rubbed  over  the  painful  part  in  neuralgia  or 
headache. 

It  may  also  be  applied  in  solution  or  ointment  for  the 
relief  of  itching,  in  a  strength  of  from  1  to  2  per  cent.  It 
is  used,  dissolved  in  liquid  petrolatum,  as  an  application  to 
inflamed  mucous  membranes,  especially  in  the  nose  and 
throat.  For  this  purpose  a  strength  of  1  per  cent,  is  suitable. 

DOSAGE:    0.065  gm.  or  1  grain. 

Methylis  Salicylas.— Methyl  Salicylate,  U.  S.  P.    (Methyl  Sali- 
cylas,  Pharm.  1890). 

An  ester  C6H«OHCOOCH3.  occurring  in  oil  of  birch  and  in 
oil  of  wintergreen,  and  also  produced  synthetically. 

Oleum  Betulae. — Oil  of  Betula,  U.  S.  P.,  Oil  of  Birch. 

Oleum    Gaultheriae.— Oil    of    Gaultheria,    U.    S.   P.,    Oil    of 
Wintergreen. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  95 

Oil  of  birch  is  also  sold  commercially  as  oil  of  wintergreen. 

PROPERTIES  :  Pure  methyl  salicylate  is  a  colorless  liquid,  hav- 
ing a  characteristic,  strongly  aromatic,  wintergreen  odor  and  a 
sweetish,  warm  and  aromatic  taste.  It  is  nearly  insoluble  in 
water,  but  miscible  in  all  proportions  with  alcoholv  The  oils 
obtained  from  natural  sources  frequently  have  a  pinkish  tint, 
because  of  the  contamination  with  traces  of  iron,  but  in  general 
have  the  same  properties  as  methyl  salicylate,  to  the  requirements 
and  tests  for  which  they  conform. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Methyl  salicylate  and  the  oils  con- 
taining it  are  antiseptic,  and  when  absorbed  by  the  skin 
or  taken  internally  have  the  actions  of  salicylic  acid  or  the 
salicylates  (see  sodium  salicylate).  When  rubbed  on  the 
skin  it  is  rapidly  absorbed.  It  is  frequently  applied  for  the 
relief  of  pain  in  local  rheumatic  swellings  or  over  inflamed 
nerves. 

DOSAGE:  1  c.c.  or  15  minims.  When  given  internally  this 
substance  is  preferably  administered  in  the  form  of  capsules, 
care  being  taken  that  the  stomach  is  not  empty  and  that 
plenty  of  water  is  taken.  Locally,  the  oil  may  be  applied 
pure  or  added  to  liniments. 

MISTURAE— MIXTURES 

Mixtures  are  liquid  preparations  containing  insoluble  or 
partly  soluble  medicinal  substances  suspended  in  them. 

Morphina. — Morphine,  U.  S.  P. 

An  alkaloid  obtained  from  opium,  the  chief  therapeutic 
constituent  of  the  drug. 

PROPERTIES  :  Morphin  occurs  as  colorless  or  white  crystals 
or  a  crystalline  powder,  odorless  and  having  a  bitter  taste.  It 
is  very  slightly  soluble  in  water  (1:3,300),  but  slightly  soluble 
in  alcohol  (1:168). 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Morphin  solutions  are  incompatible 
with  alkalies,  tannic  acid,  iodids  and  other  precipitants  of 
alkaloids. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  There  are  essentially  three  actions  of 
morphin:  a  specific  central  analgetic  action,  a  depressant 
action  on  the  entire  central  nervous  system,  of  a  descending 
type,  and  a  constipating  effect  resulting  from  a  combination 
of  central  and  local  actions. 

Morphin  is  practically  devoid  of  local  action,  except  on  the 
gastro-intestinal  tract.  This  local  action  is  the  subject  of 
much  debate,  but  it  seems  certain  that  it  plays  a  part  in  th<> 
causation  of  the  constipation  which  results  from  the  admin- 
istration of  the  drug.  The  drug  has  no  local  analgetic  action 
and  its  use  locally  for  the  relief  of  pain  is  irrational. 

The  systemic  actions  of  morphin  are  greatly  dependent  on 
the  dose  used.  The  smallest  doses  producing  therapeutic 
effects  result  in  the  relief  of  pain;  somewhat  larger  doses 
cause  definite  cerebral  depression  leading  to  more  or  less 
profound  and  prolonged  sleep. 

Some  persons  react  peculiarly  to  morphin,  showing  one  or 
more  of  the  following  symptoms:  Cerebral  excitation  is, 


96  USEFUL     DRUGS 

perhaps,  more  common  in  women  than  in  men,  but  it  is 
usually  mild  and  of  short  duration,  soon  giving  place  to  the 
depressant  action  of  the  drug.  Nausea  and  even  vomiting 
not  infrequently  result  from  the  systemic  administration  of 
a  small  dose.  In  some  persons  nausea  is  a  very  pronounced 
after-effect  of  the  drug,  lasting,  at  times,  for  hours. 

The  drug  probably  exerts  a  decided  effect  on  the  heart, 
through  the  vagus  mechanism,  chiefly  influencing  the  rhythm, 
which  may  become  irregular.  The  rate  may  be  slowed  con- 
siderably after  large  doses,  but  morphin  does  not  endanger 
life  through  its  cardiac  action. 

Morphin  causes  a  marked  constriction  of  the  pupil  when 
given  in  moderate  doses,  and  this  phenomenon  is  often  used 
as  a  gage  for  the  cessation  of  its  administration  in  cases  in 
which  large  doses  are  necessary.  It  has  no  local  miotic  action 
when  dropped  into  the  eyes. 

The  respiratory  center  is  depressed  by  relatively  small 
doses  of  morphin — such  as  are  too  small  to  be  hypnotic. 
Use  is  made  of  this  action  in  the  treatment  of  persistent 
and  troublesome  cough,  but  it  should  be  remembered  that  if 
the  cough  is  "productive,"  the  depression  of  the  cough  reflex 
may  lead  to  a  dangerous  retention  of  the  secretions  of  the 
inflamed  mucosa. 

Morphin  is  used  chiefly  as  an  analgetic  in  conditions  of 
severe  acute  pain,  and  its  use  should  be  very  guarded  on 
account  of  the  great  danger  of  the  formation  of  the  morphin 
habit.  In  surgical  conditions  in  which  the  alleviation  of 
severe  pain  may  obscure  the  course  of  the  disease  and  lead 
to  the  unwarranted  postponement  of  an  operation,  morphin 
should  not  be  used,  or  only  in  very  small  doses  and  with 
circumspection.  In  chronic  conditions  associated  with  pain 
morphin  should  not  be  used,  as  the  formation  of  the  habit 
is  almost  certain  to  result  from  its  prolonged  administra- 
tion. Exceptions  to  this  generalization  are  to  be  found  in 
such  conditions  as  inoperable  .cancer,  etc.,  in  which  the  con- 
dition is  hopeless  and  at  the  same  time  the  cause  of  much 
suffering.  Morphin  should  not  be  used  for  the  relief  of  pain 
in  persons  of  a  neurotic  or  hysteric  temperament,  unless 
absolutely  unavoidable.  In  general,  it  may  be  said  that 
morphin  should  not  be  used  for  the  relief  of  pain  when  any 
satisfactory  relief  can  be  obtained  by  the  use  of  other  drugs. 
Morphin,  in  moderate  doses,  is  very  useful  in  pain  of  cardiac 
origin.  Morphin  may  be  used  to  relieve  the  attacks  of 
asthma  and  to  lessen  dyspnea  from  other  causes,  but  caution 
should  be  exercised  that  the  slowing  of  the  respiration  does 
not  embarrass  the  heart.  It  should  be  used  cautiously  in 
the  pain  and  dyspnea  of  uremia,  as  it  interferes  with  elim- 
ination by  the  kidney  and  bowel. 

Since  the  introduction  of  the  coal-tar  hypnotics  and  those 
of  the  chloral  group,  the  use  of  morphin  as  a  pure  hypnotic 
has  become  exceptional. 

Morphin,  in  the  form  of  opium,  is  often  given  as  a  dia- 
phoretic, the  well-known  Dover's  powder  being  the  prepara- 
tion commonly  used. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  07 

Habituation  to  morphin  is  readily  established,  and  this 
habit  is  one  of  the  most  difficult  to  break.  The  indiscrim- 
inate use  of  morphin  and  preparations  containing  it  by 
physicians  is  a  common  cause  of  the  habit,  and  too  great 
discrimination  in  its  use  can  hardly  be  urged. 

Overdoses  of  morphin  lead  to  intoxication  which  may 
result  fatally.  The  symptoms  begin  with  the  usual  depres- 
sion which  deepens  into  sleep.  The  pupils  become  extremely 
constricted.  Respiration  becomes  slow;  the  sleep  deepens 
into  coma  from  which  the  patient  can  be  aroused  with 
difficulty  at  first;  later  he  cannot  be  aroused  at  all,  and  the 
respiration  sinks  to  as  low  as  three  or  four  per  minute.  The 
heart  is  somewhat  weakened  and  its  rate  is  slowed.  Death 
results  from  respiratory  failure. 

The  treatment  of  morphin  poisoning  is  not  germane  to 
this  work,  but  its  proper  execution  will  often  save  a  patient 
who  is  deemed  hopeless. 

Morphin  is  excreted  largely  through  the  alimentary  tract, 
including  the  stomach.  Some  of  the  morphin  thus  excreted 
may  be  reabsorbed  into  the  circulation;  hence,  in  cases  of 
poisoning,  the  use  of  frequent  gastric  lavage  with  perman- 
ganate of  potassium,  to  destroy  the  morphin,  is  an  impor- 
tant measure.  Even  after  the  hypodermic  administration  of 
the  drug  it  is  excreted  by  way  of  the  gastro-intestinal  tract. 

Morphin  is  also  used  to  lessen  secretion  and  check  peris- 
talsis in  diarrhea.  For  this  purpose  opium  appears  to  be 
more  efficient  than  morphin. 

In  the  administration  of  morphin  the  danger  of  forming  a 
habit  should  never  be  forgotten. 

DOSAGE:  0.01  gm.  or  1/6  grain.  Smaller  doses  from  0.005 
to  0.008,  1/12  to  1/8  grain,  are  often  sufficient.  The  mini- 
mum fatal  dose  is  0.06  gm.  or  1  grain. 

*Morphinae     Hydrochloridum. — Morphine     Hydrochloride,     U. 
S.fP. 

PROPERTIES  :  Morphin  hydrochlorid  occurs  as  white  crystals  or 
as  a  crystalline  powder,  odorless  and  having  a  bitter  taste.  It 
is  soluble  in  water  (1  :17)  and  in  alcohol  (1:42). 

DOSAGE:    0.01  gm.  or  1/6  grain. 

Morphinae  Sulphas. — Morphine  Sulphate,  U.  S.  P. 

PROPERTIES  :  Morphin  sulphate  occurs  as  white,  feathery  crys- 
tals or  in  cubical  masses,  odorless,  permanent  in  the  air  and 
having  a  bitter  taste.  It  is  soluble  in  water  (1  : 15.3),  but  only 
slightly  soluble  in  alcohol  (1:465). 

DOSAGE:    0.01  gm.  or  1/6  grain. 

Morrhuae  Oleum.— Cod-Liver  Oil,  U.  S.  P. 

A  fixed  oil  obtained  from  the  fresh  livers  of  Gadus 
morrhua. 

PROPERTIES  :  Cod-liver  oil  occurs  as  a  pale  yellow,  thin,  oily 
liquid  having  a  peculiar,  slightly  fishy,  but  not  rancid  odor,  and 
a  bland,  fishy  taste. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Cod-liver  oil  is  generally  considered 
to  be  tonic  and  nutrient,  but  its  value  probably  depends 
entirely  on  its  nutritive  property.  It  is  preferably  admin- 


98  USEFUL     DRUGS 

istered  in  the  form  of  a  recently  prepared  emulsion,  though 
many  persons  are  able  to  take  the  oil  as  food  in  the  same 
way  that  olive  oil  is  used.  Alcoholic  preparations  of  the 
so-called  active  principles  of  cod-liver  oil  have  no  demon- 
strated therapeutic  action. 

MUCILAGINES— MUCILAGES 

Mucilages  are  aqueous  solutions  of  gums  or  the  mucilagin- 
ous principles  of  vegetable  substances. 

For  the  preparations  included  in  this  list  see: 
Mucilago  Acaciae,  under  Acacia. 

Myrrha.— Myrrh,  U.  S.  P. 

A  gum  resin  obtained  from  'Commiphora  Myrrha.  Used 
occasionally  in  the  form  of  powder,  and  also  used  as  a  car- 
minative, in  connection  with  aloes,  in  the  form  of  pills. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Myrrh  is  astringent  and  carminative. 
It  is  used  largely  as  an  ingredient  in  mouth  washes  and 
gargles  for  relaxed  throat  and  spongy  gums. 

DOSAGE:    0.5  gm.  or  7%  grains. 

Tinctiira  Myrrhae.— Tincture  of  Myrrh,  U.  S.  P. 
One  hundred  c.c.  represent  20  gm.  myrrh  in  alcohol. 

DOSAGE:  1  c.c.  or  15  minims.  For  use  in  the  mouth  dilute 
with  an  equal  volume  of  water. 

Nux  Vomica. — Nux  Vomica,  U.  S.  P. 

The  dried,  ripe  seed  of  Strychnos  Nux-vomica,  containing, 
when  assayed  by  the  process  given  in  the  U.  S.  P.,  not  less 
than  1.25  per  cent,  of  strychnin. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  The  pharmacologic  action  of,  nux 
vomica  is  e'ssentially  the  same  as  that  of  the  strychnin  which 
it  contains.  The  preparations  of  nux  vomica  are  used  as 
stomachic  tonics,  and  occasionally  as  respiratory  and  nerve 
stimulants.  For  the  latter  purpose  the  salts  of  strychnin  are 
generally  preferred.  (See  Strychnin  Sulphate.) 

Extractum  Nucis  Vomicae. — Extract  of  Nux  Vomica,  U.  S.  P. 

An  acetic  acid  extract  of  nux  vomica  purified  by  precipi- 
tating with  alcohol  and  containing,  when  assayed  by  the 
process  given  in  the  U.  S.  P.,  5  per  cent,  of  strychnin. 

DOSAGE:  0.015  gm.  or  *4  grain>  preferably  given  in  the 
form  of  pills;  0.020  gm.  or  %  grain  contains  0.001  gm.  or 
1/60  grain  of  strychnin. 

Tinctura  Nucis  Vomicae. — Tincture  of  Nux  Vomica,  U.  S.  P. 

A  solution  of  extract  of  nux  vomica  in  a  mixture  of  alcohol 
and  water;  it  should  assay  0.1  gm.  of  strychnin  in  100  c.c. 

DOSAGE:    0.6  c.c.  or  10  minims. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  99 

• 

When  the  tincture  is  used  as  an  appetizer,  its  effect 
depends  largely  on  the  psychic  stimulation  produced  by  the 
bitter  taste,  and  the  dose  may  vary  from  0.05  c.c.  to  0.6  c.c. 
or  from  1  to  10  minims.  If  it  is  desired  to  obtain  the  effect 
of  strychnin,  it  is  to  be  remembered  that  0.6  c.c.  or  10 
minims  contain  approximately  0.6  mg.  or  1/100  grain  of 
strychnin. 

OLEATA— OLEATES 

The  official  oleates  are  solutions  of  alkaloids  or  metallic 
oxids  in  oleic  acid. 

OLEA  PINGUA— FIXED  OILS  AND  FATS 

Fixed  oils  and  fats  are  neutral  esters  of  vegetable  or 
animal  derivation  being  compounds  of  acids  (chiefly  oleic, 
palmitic  and  stearic)  with  glycerol. 

For  fixed  oils  included  in  this  list  see: 

Oleum  Lini,  under  Linum. 

Oleum  Morrhuae,  under  Morrhuae,  Oleum. 

Oleum  Ricini,  under  Ricini,  Oleum. 

Oleum  Theobromatis,  under  Theobromatis,  Oleum. 

Oleum  Tiglii,  under  Tiglii,  Oleum. 

OLEA  VOLATILIA— VOLATILE  OR   ESSENTIAL   OILS 

Volatile  or  essential  oils  are  liquids  derived  from  plants 
and  may  contain  or  consist  of  neutral  principles,  aldehyds, 
ketones.  phenols,  esters  or  compound  ethers. 

For  volatile  oils  included  in  this  list  see-. 

Oleum  Betulae,  under  Methylis  Salicylas. 

Oleum  Caryophyli,  under  Caryophyllus. 

Oleum  Cinnamomi,  under  Cinnamomum. 

Oleum  Eucalypti,  under  Eucalyptus. 

Oleum  Gaultheriae,  under  Methylis  Salicylas. 

Oleum  Menthae  Piperitae,  under  Mentha  Piperita. 

Oleum  Rosae,  under  Rosa. 

Oleum  Santali,  under  Santali,  Oleum. 

Oleum  Sinapis  Volatile,  under  Sinapis. 

Oleum  Terebinthinae,  under  Terebinthina. 

OLEORESINAE— OLEORESINS 

Oleoresins  are  thick  liquid  preparations  consisting  of  vola- 
tile oils  and  resins  extracted  from  vegetable  substances  by 
ether,  acetone  or  alcohol. 

For  the  preparation  included  in  this  list  see: 
Oleoresina  Aspidii,  under  Aspidium. 

Opium.— Opium,  U.  S.  P. 

The  concrete,  milky  exudation  obtained  by  incising  the 
iinripe  capsules  of  Papaver  somniferum. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  The  action  of  opium  closely  resembles 
that  of  morphin.  It,  however,  is  absorbed  more  slowly  and 
is  more  constipating  and  hence  is  preferred  in  the  treatment 


100  USEFUL     DRUGS 

• 

of  the  gastrointestinal  tract,  especially  for  the  purpose  of 
checking  diarrhea. 

Opii  Pulvis. — Powdered  Opium,  U.  S.  P. 

Yielding,  when  assayed  by  the  official  process,  not  less 
than  12.5  per  cent,  of  crystallized  morphin. 

DOSAGE:  0.065  gm.  or  1  grain,  containing  about  0.008  gm. 
or  about  ys  grain  of  morphin.  Suppositories  of  opium  have 
no  advantage  on  account  of  local  action. 

\        Extractum  Opii. — Extract  of  Opium,  U.  S.  P. 

Yielding,  when  assayed  by  the  official  process,  20  per  cent, 
of  crystallized  morphin. 

DOSAGE:    0.03  gm.  or  %  grain. 

Tinctura  Opii. — Tincture  of  Opium,  Laudanum,  U.  S.  P. 

A  solution  of  the  soluble  constituents  of  opium  in  diluted 
alcohol.  One  hundred  c.c.  contain  not  less  than  1.2  and  not 
more  than  1.25  gm.  crystallizable  morphin. 

-DOSAGE:    0.5  c.c.  or  8  minims. 

Tinctura    Opii    Deodorati. — Tincture    of    Deodorized    Opium, 

U.  S.  P. 

Essentially  a  tincture  of  opium  that  has  been  deodorized 
by  means  of  purified  petroleum  benzin. 

DOSAGE:  0.5  c.c.  or  8  minims. 

Tinctura  Opii  Camphorata. — Camphorated  Tincture  of  Opium. 
Paregoric,  U.  S.  P. 

Each  100  c.c.  represent  powdered  opium  ( 0.4  gm. ) ,  benzoic 
acid  (0.4  gm.),  camphor  (0.4  gm.),  oil  of  anise  (0.4  c.c.), 
glycerol  (-4  c.c.),  in  diluted  alcohol  (to  make  100  c.c.). 

DOSAGE  :  8  c.c.  or  2  fluidrams,  containing  0.004  gm.  or 
1/15  grain  of  morphin. 

Pulvis  Ipecacuanhae  et  Opii. — Powder  of  Ipecac  and  Opium. 
U.  S.  P.,  Dover's  Powder. 

A  mixture  of  ipecac  (10  gm.),  powdered  opium  (10  gm.) 
and  sugar  of  milk  (80  gm.). 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Dover's  Powder  is  used  chiefly  for  its 
diaphoretic  effect. 

DOSAGE:  0.5  gm.  or  7^  grains,  containing  0.006  gm.  or 
1/10  grain  of  morphin. 

Oxygenium  Compressum. — Compressed  Oxygen,  N.  N.  R. 
Gaseous  oxygen,  02,  in  a  compressed  state. 

PROPERTIES  :  Compressed  oxygen  occurs  as  a  colorless,  odorless 
and  tasteless  gas.  slightly  soluble  in  water  and  neutral  to  ordi- 
nary indicators.  This  gas  is  not  inflammable,  but  supports 
combustion  much  more  vigorously  than  does  air. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  101 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Compressed  oxygen  is  administered 
for  the  purpose  of  relieving  difficult  respiration  in  cases  of 
mechanical  hindrance  to  the  ingress  of  air  to  the  lungs.  It 
is  also  mixed  with  nitrogen  monoxid  as  an  anesthetic  agent. 

Pancreatinum. — Pancreatin',  U.  S.  P. 

A  mixture  of  the  enzymes  naturally  existing  in  the  pan- 
creas of  warm-blooded  animals,  usually  obtained  from  the 
fresh  pancreas  of  the  hog,  Sus  scrofa,  or  the  ox,  Bos  taurus 
Samples  on  the  market  contain  much  extraneous  matter. 

PROPERTIES  :  Pancreatin  occurs  as  a  cream-colored,  amorphous 
powder,  having  a  faint,  peculiar,  not  unpleasant  odor,  and  a 
somewhat  meat-like  taste.  It  is  partially  soluble  in  water  and 
should  contain  not  more  than  10  per  cent,  of  insoluble  matter. 
It  Is  practically  insoluble  in  alcohol.  Commercial  samples  com- 
monly contain  no  steapsin,  and  other  ferments  may  be  present 
in  traces  only. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Pancreatin  is  used  chiefly  for  the  pre- 
digestion  of  protein  and  starchy  foods.  Since  it  is  destroyed 
by  the  action  of  the  gastric  juice,  its  use  for  the  digestion 
of  food  in  the  stomach  is  illogical,  if  the  stomach  contains 
any  acid.  In  cases  of  achylia  gastrica  in  which  no  hydro- 
chloric acid  is  secreted,  it  may  be  given  to  secure  the  diges- 
tion of  the  food  in  the  stomach.  In  such  cases  it  is  well  to 
administer  a  small  amount  of  an  alkali,  such  as  sodium 
bicarbonate,  in  order  to  neutralize  any  acidity  that  may  be 
present.  In  view  of  the  poor  quality  of  pancreatin  on  the 
market  its  use  is  not  to  be  recommended. 

The  attempt  is  sometimes  made  to  further  the  digestion 
of  protein  in  the  intestines  by  the  administration  of  pan- 
creatin in  pills  or  capsules  coated  so  as  to  prevent  the  action 
of  the  gastric  juice.  The  drug  may  be  used  in  this  manner 
in  cases  in  which  it  is  believed  that  the  secretion  of  the 
pancreas  is  lacking  or  deficient,  but  this  method  is  not 
usually  very  successful. 

DOSAGE:    0.5  gm.  or  7^  grains. 

Pancreatin  may  be  administered  internally  in  the  form  of 
salol-coated  pills  or  in  gelatin  capsules  that  have  been 
treated  with  formaldehyd. 

Paraffinum—  Paraffin,  U.  S.  P. 

A  mixture  of  solid  hydrocarbons,  obtained  by  chilling  and 
pressing  the  higher  distillates  from  petroleum  and  purifying 
the  solid  press-cake  so  obtained. 

It  is  practically  insoluble  in  water  or  in  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Paraffin  is  used  in  surgery  for  pros- 
thetic purposes.  It  is  injected  into  the  tissue  to  fill  the  place 
of  parts  which  have  been  destroyed  by  trauma  or  pathologic 
processes.  When  used  for  this  purpose,  the  melting-point 
of  the  product  is  important.  A  preparation  melting  at  from 
41  to  45  C.  (105.8  to  113  F.)  is  most  suitable.  Its  use  for 
this  purpose  is  not  without  danger. 


102  USEFUL     DRUGS 

Paraldehydum. — Paraldehyd.  U.  S.  P. 

Paraldehyd,  C0H1203,  is  a  polymer  of  acetaldehyd,  CHS.CHO. 

PROPEKTIES  :  Paraldehyd  is  a  colorless,  transparent  liquid,  hav- 
ing a  strong  characteristic  but  not  unpleasant  or  pungent  odor, 
and  a  burning  or  cooling  taste.  It  is  soluble  in  water  (1 :8)  and 
miscible  in  all  proportions  with  alcohoj. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Paraldehyd  is  hypnotic  and  anti- 
spasmodic.  It  has  no  direct  action  on  the  circulation,  except 
that  it  dilates  the  blood-vessels.  It  acts  rapidly  and  pro- 
duces a  sleep  which  closely  resembles  natural  sleep.  It  is 
very  valuable  when  a  rapid  action  is  desired.  The  dis- 
agreeable odor  of  paraldehyd,  persisting  in  the  breath  of  the 
patient,  interferes  with  its  use  in  many  cases.  It  may  cause 
a  habit  very  similar  to  that  induced  by  alcohol. 

DOSAGE:  2  c.c.  or  30  minims.  Preferably  administered 
with  cracked  ice  or  ice-water. 

Pelletierinae  Tannas. — Pelletierine  Tannate,  U.  S.  P. 

A  mixture  of  the  tannates  of  alkaloids  obtained  from 
Punica  Granatum. 

PROPERTIES  :  Pelletierin  tannate  occurs  as  a  light  yellow, 
odorless,  amorphous  powder,  having  an  astringent  taste  and  a 
weak  acid  reaction.  It  is  only  slightly  soluble  in  water  (1  :235), 
but  soluble  in  alcohol  (1  :12.6). 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Pelletierin  tannate  is  used  as  an 
anthelmintic  and  teniafuge,  especially  in  cases  of  cestode 
infection. 

DOSAGE:  0.25  gm.  or  4  grains.  Preferably  administered 
in  the  form  of  capsules.  The  alimentary  canal  should  be 
emptied  as  completely  as  practicable  by  a  mild  purge  (castor 
oil  or  a  saline),  a  light  diet  on  the  previous  day  and  fasting 
on  the  morning  on  which  the  anthelmintic  is  given.  This 
remedy  should  be  followed  in  two  hours  by  a  purge  (castor 
oil).  Not  more  than  0.3  gm.  or  5  grains  of  pelletierin  tan- 
nate should  be  given,  as  this  amount  has  produced  paralysis. 

Pepsinum. — Pepsin,  U.  S.  P. 

A  proteolytic  ferment  or  enzyme  obtained  from  the  glan- 
dular layer  of  the  fresh  stomach  of  the  hog,  Sus  scrofa. 

PROPERTIES  :  Pepsin  occurs  as  pale  yellow,  transparent  or  trans- 
lucent scales  or  grains,  or  as  a  cream-colored,  amorphous  pow- 
der, free  from  any  offensive  odor  and  having  a  slightly  acid  or 
saline  taste.  It  is  soluble,  or  almost  entirely  soluble  in  water, 
the  solution  having-  more  or  less  opalescence ;  it  is  practically 
insoluble  in  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Pepsin  acts  only  in  an  acid  medium. 
It  is  useful  to  secure  the  digestion  of  protein  food  in  the 
stomach.  It  is  seldom  indicated,  because  the  gastric  juice 
usually  contains  sufficient  pepsin  to  perform  gastric  diges- 
tion. It  may  be  given  in  conjunction  with  hydrochloric  acid 
in  those  cases  of  acute  dyspepsia  in  which  there  is  an  absence 
of  free  hydrochloric  acid  in  the  stomach  contents.  In  chronic 
cases  it  should  be  given  only  when  the  acid  and  pepsin  are 


USEFUL     DRUGS  103 

both  lacking.  As  a  rule,  even  when  acid  is  absent,  the  pepsin 
is  still  secreted  and  digestion  will  occur  normally  if  hydro- 
chloric acid  is  given  without  pepsin.  In  achylia  gastrica. 
pepsin  is  a  valuable  addition  to  the  hydrochloric  acid,  which 
is  usually  prescribed. 

DOSAGE:    0.25  gin.  or  4  grains. 

Petrolatum. — Petrolatum.  U.  S.  P. 

A  mixture  of  hydrocarbons,  obtained  by  distilling  off  the 
lighter  and  more  volatile  portions  from  petroleum,  and 
purifying  the  residue. 

PROPERTIES  :  Petrolatum  occurs  as  an  unctuous  mass,  of  about 
the  consistence  of  an  ointment,  varying  in  color  from  white  to 
dark  amber. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Petrolatum  is  used  chiefly  as  a  base 
for  ointments.  It  is  sometimes  employed  as  a  lubricant,  for 
which  purpose  only  a  sterile  product  should  be  used. 

Petrolatum  Liquidum. — Liquid  Petrolatum,  U.  S.  P. 

A  mixture  of  hydrocarbons,  obtained  by  distilling  off  most 
of  the  lighter  and  more  volatile  portions  from  petroleum, 
and  purifying  the  liquid  residue. 

PROPERTIES  :  It  occurs  as  a  colorless  or  very  slightly  yellowish, 
oily,  transparent  liquid,  without  odor  or  taste,  but  giving  off, 
when  heated,  a  faint  odor  of  petroleum.  It  is  practically  insol- 
uble in  water  and  only  slightly  more  soluble  in  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Liquid  petrolatum  is  used  as  a  vehicle 
for  medicinal  agents  for  external  application.  It  is  also 
given  internally,  largely  for  its  mechanical  action  as  an 
emollient  in  constipation.  It  is  not  absorbed  by  the  intes- 
tine and  has  no  nutritive  properties. 

Phenacetin. — See  under  Acetphenetidin. 

Phenol.— Phenol,  U.  S.  P.    (Acidum  Carbolicum,  Pharm.   1890) 
C8H5OH. 

Hydroxybenzene,  obtained  from  coal-tar  by  fractional  dis- 
tillation and  subsequent  purification  or  made  synthetically. 

PROPERTIES  :  Phenol  should  contain  not  less  than  98  per  cent, 
of  C6HBOH.  It  occurs  as  colorless,  interlaced  or  separate,  needle- 
shaped  crystals,  having  a  characteristic  somewhat  aromatic 
odor.  When  copiously  diluted  with  water  it  has  a  sweetish 
taste,  with  a  slightly  burning  aftertaste,  and,  when  undiluted, 
cauterizes  and  whitens  the  skin  and  mucous  membranes.  Phenol 
is  soluble  in  water  (1  :20)  and  miscible  with  alcohol  in  all 
proportions. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Phenol  is  antiseptic  and  germicide.  A 
solution  of  1:850  will  prevent  the  multiplication  of  bacteria. 
A  1  per  cent,  solution  will  usually  destroy  non-sporulating 
bacteria  in  a  few  minutes  at  ordinary  temperature,  but  a 
5  per  cent,  solution  fails  to  destroy  anthrax  spores  after 
twenty-four  hours'  exposure. 

Phenol  is  taken  as  the  type  or  standard  for  comparing  the 
activity  of  disinfectants.  The  phenol  coefficient  means  the 
relative  strength  of  a  disinfectant,  as  compared  with  a  solu- 
tion of  phenol  acting  on  the  same  organism  and  for  the 
same  length  of  time. 


104  JSEFUL     DRUGS 

Phenol  is  escharotic  when  applied  to  the  skin,  turning  the 
skin  and  tissues  white.  If  a  finger  or  other  extremity  is  sur- 
rounded with  dressings  wet  even  with  a  dilute  solution  of 
phenol,  gangrene  is  liable  to  occur.  Phenol  acts  as  a  local 
anesthetic.  In  consequence  of  this  property  it  is  employed 
to  relieve  itching.  It  may  be  used  in  the  strength  of  1  per 
cent,  in  solution  or  in  ointment. 

Internally,  phenol  has  been  used  as  an  antiseptic  in  mouth- 
washes,  gargles  and  sprays.  It  was  formerly  employed  as 
an  antiseptic  in  fermentation  in  the  stomach,  but  it  should 
not  be  used  for  this  purpose.  It  is  sometimes  given  with 
success  to  check  obstinate  vomiting.  It  is  not  so  useful  as 
an  intestinal  antiseptic  as  some  other  remedies,  particularly 
salol. 

The  injection  of  phenol  into  the  rectum  for  the  destruction 
of  parasites  is  dangerous  and  has  sometimes  resulted  fatally. 

Superficial  burns  from  the  action  of  phenol  should  be 
treated  by  the  application  of  alcohol,  glycerol,  ether  or  oils 
to  remove  the  poison. 

In  phenol  poisoning  the  stomach  may  be  washed  out  by 
diluted  alcohol,  which  should  be  completely  removed  by 
washing  with  water.  If  left  in  the  stomach  the  alcohol  may 
favor  the  absorption  of  phenol. 

Phenol  Liquefactum. — Liquefied  Phenol,  U.  S.  P. 

A  liquid  composed  of  not  less  than  86.4  per  cent.,  by 
weight,  of  C6H5OH.  and  about  13  per  cent.,  by  weight,  of 
water. 

PROPERTIES  :  Liquefied  phenol  is  a  colorless  liquid  which  may 
develop  a  slight  reddish  tint  on  keeping,  having  a  characteristic, 
somewhat  aromatic  odor  and  the  general  chemical  and  physical 
characteristics  of  phenol. 

DOSAGE;    0.05  c.c.  or  1  minim. 

Phenolphthalein. — Phenolphthalein,  N.  N.  R. 

A  product  of  the  interaction  of  phenol  and  phthalic 
auhydrid. 

PROPERTIES  :  Phenolphthalein  occurs  as  white,  or  grayish- 
white  crystals  or  as  an  amorphous  powder ;  slightly  soluble  in 
water  and  freely  soluble  in  alcohol.  Its  solutions  in  acid  liquids 
are  colorless,  but  turn  led  when  the  liquid  is  made  alkaline. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Phenolphthalein  acts  as  a  purgative, 
but  appears  to  possess  no  further  physiologic  action,  except 
that  it  may  cause  some  irritation  of  the  rectum  and  lower 
bowel. 

DOSAGE:  The  dosage  must  vary  according  to  its  effect, 
from  0.05  gm.  to  0.5  gm.,  or  from  1  to  8  grains.  A  case  of 
mild  poisoning  is  reported  from  taking  1  gm.  (15  grains). 

Phenylis  Salicylas.— Phenyl  Salicylate.  U.  S.  P.   (Salol,  Pharm. 
1890). 
The  salicylic  ester  of  phenyl. 

PROPERTIES  :  Phenylsalicylate  occurs  as  a  white  crystalline 
powder,  having  a  faint  aromatic  odor  and  a  slight  but  charac- 
teristic taste.  It  is  very  slightly  soluble  in  water  (1 :2.333)  and 
freely  soluble  in  alcohol  (1:5). 


USEFUL     DRUGS  lOo 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Phenyl  salicylate  is  slightly  anti- 
septic, but  its  antiseptic  action  is  greatly  increased  when  it 
is  decomposed  into  its  constituents,  phenol  and  salicylic 
acid.  It  has  very  slight  action  in  the  mouth  or  stomach, 
but  in  the  intestines  it  is  decomposed  into  its  constituents 
by  the  action  of  the  fat-splitting  ferment  of  the  pancreas. 
After  absorption,  it  produces  the  effect  of  salicylates,  but 
if  larger  doses  are  given  the  phenyl  may  produce  toxic 
effects.  The  urine  is  colored  dark  by  the  phenol  excreted 
by  the  kidneys.  If  salol  is  to  be  used  for  its  constitutional 
effects  as  a  salicylate,  it  should  always  be  remembered  that 
about  40  per  cent,  of  it  consists  of  phenol. 

Phenyl  salicylate  is  commonly  used  as  an  intestinal  anti- 
septic. It  is  regarded  by  many  as  the  best  available  drug 
for  this  purpose,  but  it  is  the  opinion  of  many  physicians 
that  little  benefit  is  to  be  secured  by  the  use  of  intestinal 
antiseptics.  It  is  impossible  in  practice  to  check  all  putre- 
faction iu  the  intestines,  but  the  use  of  phenyl  salicylate 
has  been  shown  to  lessen  the  products  of  putrefaction 
excreted  in  the  urine. 

Phenyl  salicylate  is  used  in  diarrhea,  enteritis  and  in  the 
diseases  believed  to  be  due  to  intoxication  by  the  products 
of  intestinal  putrefaction. 

Salol  is  used  in  pharmacy  for  the  purpose  of  coating 
enteric  pills.  It  must  be  remembered  that  the  coating  of 
pills  of  moderate  size  entails  the  administration  of  a  con- 
siderable dose  of  salol. 

DOSAGE:     From  0.2  to  0  5  *>m.,  or  from  3  to  8  grains. 

It  is  preferably  administered  in  the  form  of  powder  and 
may  be  inclosed  dry  in  capsules  or  cachets.  Pills  and  com- 
pressed tablets  are  objectionable,  because  of  the  tendency 
of  the  substance  to  fuse  into  a  hard  insoluble  mass. 

Phosphorus. — Phosphorus,  U.  S.  P. 

PROPERTIES  :  Phosphorus  is  a  translucent,  nearly  colorless 
solid,  of  a  waxy  luster,  having,  at  ordinary  temperatures,  about 
the  consistency  of  beeswax.  It  has  a  distinctive  and  disagree- 
able odor  and  taste  and  should  not  be  exposed  to  air.  It  is 
practically  insoluble  in  water  but  slightly  soluble  in  absolute 
alcohol  (1:350).  It  takes  fire  readily  when  exposed  to  the  air. 
Great  care  should  be  used  in  handling  elementary  phosphorus. 
It  should  be  carefully  kept  under  water  in  a  moderately  cool 
place.  It  should  be  cut,  or  otherwise  divided,  under  water.  It 
may  be  secured  in  the  form  of  small  particles  by  cautiously 
melting  under  water  and  shaking  until  cool. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  In  small  quantities  phosphorus  stimu- 
lates the  growth  of  bone  and  has  been  asserted  to  have  a 
stimulating  action  on  the  nervous  tissues;  the  latter  action, 
however,  is  doubtful.  Somewhat  larger  doses  produce  a 
fatty  degeneration  of  the  various  organs  which  is  followed 
by  a  proliferation  of  the  connective  tissue. 

Minute  doses  increase  the  number  of  red  blood-cells,  but 
do  not  increase  the  amount  of  hemoglobin.  In  larger  doses 
phosphorus  is  an  irritant  poison,  causing  nausea,  vomiting 
and  sometimes  diarrhea.  If  absorbed,  the  poison  produces 
a  wide-spread,  fatty  degeneration  of  the  organs,  but  fre- 


106  IjSEFUL     DRUGS 

quently  there  are  no  symptoms  for  several  days.  This 
period  may  be  followed  by  vomiting  of  blood,  drowsiness, 
enlarged  and  painful  liver  and  scanty  urine.  There  are 
usually,  in  the  latter  stages,  severe  nervous  symptoms, 
consisting  of  delirium,  somnolence,  coma  and  occasionally 
convulsions.  In  workers  in  phosphorus,  chronic  poisoning 
is  shown  by  a  necrosis  of  the  lower  jaw.  It  is  believed 
that  this  necrosis  is  due  to  infection  through  carious  teeth, 
which  is  favored  by  previous  changes  in  the  bone  due  to 
phosphorus. 

Phosphorus  was  formerly  used  as  a  tonic  or  stimulant 
to  the  nervous  system,  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  it  is  of 
service  in  this  way.  Its  use  is  gradually  being  abandoned. 
Its  action  on  the  blood  is  not  regarded  as  justifying  its  use 
in  anemia.  The  principal  use  of  phosphorus  is  to  further 
the  deposition  of  calcium  in  growing  bone,  or  in  bones 
undergoing  repair.  For  this  purpose  it  may  be  given  in 
rickets. 

DOSAGE:  0.5  mg.  or  1/125  grain.  It  may  be  administered 
either  in  the  form  of  pills  or  as  phosphorated  oil  (1:100). 

Physostigma. — Physostigma,  U.  S.   P.    (Calabar  bean). 

The  ripe  seed  of  Physostigma  venenosum.  Used  commonly 
in  the  form  of  salts  of  its  principal  alkaloid,  physostigmin 
(eserin). 

ACTION  AXD  USES:  Physostigma  stimulates  the  periph- 
eral endings  of  the  autonomous  nerves  and  probably  acts  on 
the  musculature  to  enhance  its  response  to  normal  stimula- 
tion. It  also  depresses  the  action  of  the  spinal  cord.  It 
greatly  increases  intestinal  peristalsis.  It  slows  the  pulse 
and  after  large  doses  increases  the  blood-pressure.  It  pro- 
duces contraction  of  the  pupil  by  local  action.  When  instilled 
into  one  eye  it  causes  contraction  of  the  pupil  on  that  side 
and  not  on  the  other. 

Physostigma  is  used  for  its  depressing  action  on  the 
spinal  cord  in  tetanus,  strychnin  poisoning  and  other  forms 
of  convulsions.  It  should  be  used  as  an  adjuvant  to  more 
powerful  measures  and  not  relied  on  as  the  sole  remedy. 

Physostigma  is  used  to  stimulate  peristalsis  in  the  para- 
lytic form  of  colic  and  some  cases  of  chronic  constipation. 
It  may  be  employed  to  overcome  acute  obstipation,  provided 
there  is  no  inflammation  and  no  mechanical  obstruction. 

Physostigmin  is  used  in  treatment  of  eye  diseases  for  the 
purpose  of  contracting  the  pupil  and  also  to  reduce  intra- 
ocular tension.  For  the  latter  purpose  it  is  serviceable  in 
glaucoma.  It  is  a  useful  remedy  in  peripheral  ulcer  of  the 
cornea.  It  may  be  employed  to  hasten  recovery  from  the 
effect  of  mydriatics,  such  as  homatropin. 

Physostigminae  Salicylas. — Physostigmine  Salicylate,  U.  S.  P., 
Eserin  Salicylate. 

PROPERTIES  :  Physostigmin  salicylate  occurs  as  colorless  or 
faintly  yellowish  crystals,  odorless  and  having  a  slightly  bitter 
taste.  It  is  soluble  in  water  and  in  alcohol. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  107 

DOSAGE:    1  ing.  or  1/60  grain. 

It  is  used  in  the  eye  in  solution  of  the  strength  of  from 
0.1  to  1  per  cent.  To  avoid  the  irritation  that  it  some- 
times causes,  it  is  preferable  to  give  it  in  oily  solution,  or 
in  conjunction  with  cocain.  The  following  mixture  may  be 
used : 


:m.  or  c.c. 


Cocainae  hydrochlor 0 

Physostigminae   sulph 


02  gr. 

01  gr. 

00  3 


Aquae  dest 10 

For  hastening  recovery  from  a  miotic  a  drop  of  0.1  per 
cent,  solution  in  castor  oil  may  be  employed. 

Physostigminae  Sulphas. — Physostigmine  Sulphate,  U.  S.  P., 
Eserin  Sulphate. 

PROPERTIES  :  This  salt  is  rather  more  freely  soluble  than  the 
salicylate,  but  is  also  readily  decomposed  by  exposure  to  light 
and  air. 

DOSAGE:    1  mg.  or  1/60  grain. 

Pilocarpus. — Pilocarpus,  U.  S.  P.,  Jaborandi. 

The  leaflets  of  Pilocarpus  Jaborandi  or  of  Pilocarpus 
Microphyllus. 

Used  chiefly  in  the  form  of  a  salt  of  its  principal  alkaloid, 
pilocarpin. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Pilocarpin  stimulates  the  oculomotor 
and  other  autonomous  nerves.  It  produces  excessive  secretion 
of  the  salivary  glands  and  also  of  the  sweat  glands.  It 
stimulates  the  unstriated  muscles  of  the  body  generally  and 
the  motor  system  of  the  intestines,  and  causes  a  partial 
spasm  of  the  bronchial  muscles.  It  causes  a  marked  slowing 
of  the  pulse  and  a  fall  of  blood-pressure  due  to  the  lessened 
rate  of  the  heart,  but  the  vagus  stimulation  is  soon  followed 
by  depression  with  an  accelerated  pulse-rate. 

It  contracts  the  pupil  and  causes  spasm  of  the  muscles  of 
accommodation  by  a  peripheral  action. 

Pilocarpus  is  administered  internally  chiefly  for  its  diaph- 
oretic effect.  In  this  action  it  is  serviceable  in  certain 
diseases  of  the  skin.  Under  its  continuous  use  there  may  be 
a  stimulation  of  the  growth  of  hair  in  favorable  cases.  In 
doses  just  short  of  producing  free  diaphoresis  it  is  sometimes 
of  great  benefit  to  relieve  itching  in  generalized,  acute 
eczema,  urticaria,  pruritus,  etc. 

In  diseases  of  the  eye  such  as  glaucoma,  corneal  ulcer,  etc., 
pilocarpin  is  employed  as  a  weak  miotic. 

Pilocarpinae     Hydrochloridum.  —  Pilocarpine    Hydrochloride, 
U.  S.  P. 

PROPERTIES  :  Pilocarpin  hydrochlorid  occurs  as  colorless  or 
white  transparent  crystals,  odorless  and  having  a  faintly  bitter 
taste.  It  is  very  soluble  in  water  and  freely  soluble  in  alcohol. 

DOSAGE:  From  0.001  to  0.01  gm.  or  from  1/60  to  1/6 
grain. 


108  USEFUL     DRUGS 

Pilocarpinae  Nitras. — Pilocarpine  Nitrate,  U.  S.  P. 

PROPERTIES  :  This  salt  is  less  soluble  in  both  water  and  alcohol 
than  is  the  hydrochloric!  and  has  no  evident  advantages  over  that 
salt. 

DOSAGE:  0.01  gm.  or  1/5  grain.  Smaller  doses  of  1  mg. 
or  1/60  grain  are  frequently  preferable. 

Pilulae.— Pills. 

Pills   are  globular,  oval  or  flattened  bodies,  of  such   size 
and  consistency  that  they  can  be  swallowed  whole. 
For  the  preparations  included  in  this  list  see: 
Pilula  Ferri  Carbonatis,  under  Ferri  Carbonas. 

Fix  Liquida.— Tar,  U.  S.  P. 

A  product  obtained  by  the  destructive  distillation  of  the 
wood  of  PinuS  palustris. 

PROPERTIES  :  Tar  occurs  as  a  semiliquid,  viscid,  blackish-brown 
product  having  an  empyreumatic  odor  and  a  sharp  and  empyreu- 
matic taste.  Tar  is  miscible  with  alcohol  and  fixed  or  volatile- 
oils  but  is  only  partially  soluble  in  water. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Tar  is  a  mild  irritant  to  the  skin, 
and  when  taken  internally  stimulates  the  bronchial  mucous 
membrane.  It  is  employed  in  the  form  of  syrup  as  a  remedy 
for  subacute  bronchitis. 

Externally  it  is  employed  as  a  mild  stimulant  application 
to  the  skin.  It  should  be  used  as  the  first  remedy  in 
changing  the  treatment  from  sedative  to  stimulating  appli- 
cations. It  is  very  useful  as  an  antipruritic  for  the'  relief 
of  itching  in  pruritis,  eczema,  etc. 

DOSAGE:  In  beginning  treatment  with  tar  a  dilute  prep- 
aration should  be  used.  The  strength  should  be  from  2  to 
4  per  cent.,  which  may  be  tentatively  increased.  As  an 
antipruritic  in  acute  inflammatory  conditions  a  strength  of 
from  2  to  4  per  cent,  may  be  all  that  can  well  be  used.  In 
chronic  cases  it  is  used  in  the  strength  of  from  6  to  20 
per  cent.,  and  sometimes  the  pure  tar  is  applied.  For  use 
as  an  antiseptic  in  skin  affections  the  following  formula 
may  be  used: 

B      Picis  liquidae    2  3  ]j 

Porassii  hydroxidi   1  3  j 

Aquae   8  f-5  j 

This  must  be  diluted  for  use. 

Unguentum  Picis  Liquidae. — Tar  Ointment,  U.  S.  P. 

A  mixture  of  tar  (50  gm.)  with  yellow  wax  and  lard 
sufficient  to  make  100  gm. 

This  should  be  diluted  from  10  to  20  times  before  applica- 
tion. In  chronic  conditions,  scaly  eruptions,  psoriasis  and 
ringworm  it  may  be  applied  in  full  strength. 

Plumbi   Acetas.— Lead  Acetate,   U.   S.  P.,   Pb(C2H302)2.   3H20 
(Sugar  of  Lead). 


USEFUL     DRUGS  100 

PROPERTIES  :  Lead  acetate  occurs  as  colorless  or  heavy  white 
crystalline  masses  or  granular  crystals,  having  a  faintly  acetous 
odor  and  a  sweetish,  astringent,  afterward  metallic  taste.  It 
is  freely  soluble  in  water  (1:2)  and  soluble  in  alcohol  (1:30). 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  Solutions  of  lead  salts  are  incompati- 
ble with  carbonates,  hydroxids,  iodids,  chlorids  and  sulphates. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  The  chief  internal  use  of  lead  acetate 
is  as  an  astringent  in  diarrhea.  It  is  rarely  used  for  this 
purpose  for  fear  of  lead  poisoning.  It  may  be  combined 
with  opium  in  the  form  of  a  lead  and  opium  pill. 

DOSAGE:    0.065  gm.  or  1  grain. 

Liquor  Plumbi  Subacetatis. — Solution   of  Lead   Subacetate, 

U.  S.  P. 

An  aqueous  liquid  which  contains  in  solution  not  less  than 
25  per  cent,  of  lead  subacetate,  made  by  boiling  a  mixture 
of  lead  acetate,  lead  oxid  and  distilled  water  for  half  an  hour. 

PROPERTIES  :  Solution  of  lead  subacetate  occurs  as  a  clear, 
colorless  liquid,  odorless,  having  a  sweetish,  astringent  taste  and 
an  alkaline  reaction. 

DOSAGE:  This  preparation  should  be  diluted  from  fifteen 
to  thirty  times  before  application.  It  is  employed  as  an 
astringent  and  antipruritic  in  inflammatory  conditions  of 
the  skin  and  as  an  application  to  sprains  and  bruises.  It 
should  not  be  applied  to  denuded  surfaces  and  should  be 
used  with  caution  on  the  face. 

Podophyllum. — Podophyllum,  U.  S.  P. 

The  dried  rhizome  of  Podophyllum  peltatum.  Used  in 
medicine  chiefly  in  the  form  of: 

Resina  Podophylli. — Resin  of  Podophyllum,  U.  S.  P. 

PROPERTIES  :  This  preparation,  popularly  known  as  podophyllin. 
occurs  as  an  amorphous  powder,  varying  in  color  from  grayish- 
white  to  pale  greenish-yellow,  turning  darker  when  subjected  to 
heat  exceeding  35  C.,  or  when  exposed  to  light. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Resin  of  podophyllum  is  very  irritat- 
ing to  the  mucous  membrane,  especially  to  that  of  the  eyes. 
It  has  a  slight,  peculiar  odor  and  a  faintly  bitter  taste.  It 
is  very  soluble  in  alcohol,  but  practically  insoluble  in  water. 
It  is  used  as  a  laxative  and  hydragogue  cathartic,  chiefly  in 
the  form  of  pills.  It  was  formerly  thought  to  exercise  a 
special  influence  on  the  liver,  but  this  idea  has  been  aban- 
doned. It  is  chiefly  used  in  small  doses  for  the  treatment  of 
chronic  constipation. 

DOSAGE:  As  a  laxative  in  constipation  small  doses 
should  be  used,  from  0.003  to  0.006  gm.  or  from  1/20  to  1/10 
grain,  once  or  twice  daily.  For  a  cathartic  effect  it  may  be 
given  in  doses  of  from  0.008  to  0.03  or  from  %  to  y2  grain. 

Potassii  Acetas. — Potassium  Acetate,  U.  S.  P.,  KC2H302. 

PROPERTIES  :  Potassium  acetate  occurs  as  a  white  powder  or 
in  crystalline  masses,  odorless,  and  having  a  saline  taste  ;  it  is 
deliquescent  on  exposure  to  air.  It  is  very  soluble  in  water 
(1  :0.4),  and  is  freely  soluble  in  alcohol. 


110  USEFUL     DRUGS 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Potassium  acetate  is  oxidized  in  the 
organism  to  potassium  carbonate  or  bicarbonate.  This  tends 
to  make  the  blood  alkaline,  and  the  salts  excreted  by 
the  kidney  render  the  urine  less  acid  and,  after  large  doses. 
alkaline.  It  is  a  marked  diuretic,  increasing  the  amount  of 
urine  and  the  solids  of  the  urine  without  irritation  of  the 
kidney;  consequently  it  is  preferable  to  other  diuretics  in 
the  treatment  of  nephritis. 

An  alkaline  reaction  favors  oxidation ;  hence  the  potassium 
salts  which  yield  the  carbonate  on  oxidation  increase  the 
processes  of  metabolism.  An  increase  in  alkalinity  is  also 
believed  to  favor  the  production  of  immunity  in  infections, 
and  potassium  acetate  and  other  salts  of  potassium  which 
increase  the  alkalinity  of  the  urine,  are  useful  in  infections, 
especially  such  as  pneumonia  and  rheumatism.  Whenever 
it  is  desirable  to  make  the  urine  neutral  or  alkaline,  potas- 
sium acetate  affords  a  convenient  means  of  obtaining  the 
desired  result.  It  is  useful  as  a  diuretic  in  acute  nephritis. 

Potassium  salts  are  poisonous  in  excessive  doses,  but  not 
enough  can  be  administered  by  mouth  to  cause  toxic  effects. 

DOSAGE:  2  gm.  or  30  grains  once  in  three  hours,  for  a 
time. 

The  effect  obtained  can  be  determined  by  examining  the 
reaction  of  the  urine  and  regulating  the  dosage  accordingly. 

Potassii  Bicarbonas. — Potassium  Bicarbonate,  U.  S.  P.,  KHC03. 

PROPERTIES  :  Potassium  bicarbonate  occurs  as  colorless,  trans- 
parent crystals,  odorless,  having  a  saline  and  slightly  alkaline 
taste ;  it  is  permanent  in  the  air.  It  is  freely  soluble  in  water 
(1:3),  but  is  practically  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

IN  COMPATIBILITIES  :    It  is  incompatible  with  acids. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Potassium  bicarbonate  is  sometimes 
used  to  neutralize  the  acidity  of  the  stomach,  but  sodium 
bicarbonate  is  usually  preferred.  It  may  be  employed  for 
the  extemporaneous  preparations  of  potassium  acetate  or 
potassium  citrate.  If  a  solution  of  acetic  or  citric  acid  or 
lemon  juice  is  neutralized  with  potassium  bicarbonate,  an 
equivalent  dose  of  potassium  acetate  or  citrate  is  formed. 

Potassium  bicarbonate,  even  when  neutralized  in  the 
stomach  has  a  tendency  to  render  the  blood  alkaline  and 
to  lessen  the  acid  of  the  urine.  It  may  be  given  to  secure 
the  same  alkaline  effects  for  which  the  acetates  or  citrates 
are  usually  employed. 

Externally,  potassium  bicarbonate  may  be  employed  for 
its  alkaline  effects,  for  the  purpose  of  softening  the 
epidermis. 

DOSAGE:    2  gm.  or  30  grains. 

Potassii  Bitartras. — Potassium  Bitartrate,  U.  S.  P.,  KHC4H408. 

PROPERTIES  :  Potassium  bitartrate  occurs  as  a  colorless  or 
slightly  opaque  or  white,  somewhat  gritty,  powder,  odorless  and 
having  a  pleasant  acidulous  taste.  It  is  slightly  soluble  in  water 
(1  :200)  and  nearly  insoluble  in  alcohol. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  111 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Potassium  bitartrate  is  diuretic  and 
aperient.  It  is  used  chiefly  in  combination  with  jalap  as  a 
hydragogue  cathartic.  See  Pulvis  Jalapae  Compositus  under 
Jalap. 

DOSAGE:  2  gm.  or  30  grains.  Preferably  administered  in 
the  form  of  a  powder  or  as  a  "shake"  mixture. 

Potassii  Bromidum. — Potassium  Bromide.  U.  S.  P..  KBr. 

* 

PROPERTIES  :  Potassium  bromid  occurs  as  colorless  or  white 
cubical  crystals  or  granular  powder,  odorless  and  having-  a  very 
strongly  saline  taste.  It  is  freely  soluble  in  water  (1:1%  parts), 
but  only  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol  (1:180  parts). 

INCOMPATIBILITIES.-  It  is  incompatible  with  mineral  acids 
or  oxidizing  agents  and  with  salts  of  silver  or  lead. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Potassium  bromid  is  a  nerve  sedative. 
It  diminishes  reflex  excitability  and  depresses  the  motor 
area  of  the  cortex.  In  large  doses  it  is  depressant  to  the 
circulation.  When  continued  long  it  disturbs  the  nutrition 
and  may  produce  an  irritation  of  the  skin  similar  to  that 
produced  by  the  use  of  iodin. 

Potassium  bromid  is  used  to  relieve  convulsions,  either  of 
cerebral  or  of  spinal  origin.  For  this  reason  it  is  given  in 
epilepsy.  Large  doses  are  also  given  to  relieve  the  spasms 
of  tetanus. 

Potassium  bromid  is  also  useful  to  quiet  nervous  excit- 
ability in  neurasthenia  and  hysteria.  It  may  be  given  as  an 
adjunct  to  hypnotics,  such  as  chloral.  It  is  said  to  be  of 
value  for  the  prevention  of  seasickness. 

DOSAGE:  1  gm.  or  15  grains,  preferably  administered  by 
itself  in  simple  dilute  solution. 

The  dose  of  potassium  bromid  may  be  increased  to  5  gm. 
or  more  if  a  powerful  action  is  indicated.  When  the  remedy 
is  long  continued  it  should  be  interrupted  occasionally  in 
order  that  no  accumulation  in  the  system  may  occur. 

Potassii  Carbonas. — Potassium  Carbonate,  U.   S.  P.,  K2C03. 

PROPERTIES  :  Potassium  carbonate  occurs  as  a  white,  granular 
powder,  odorless  and  having  a  strongly  alkaline  taste.  It  is  very 
soluble  in  water  (1:0.9),  but  practically  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Potassium  carbonate  is  antacid,  but 
because  of  its  strongly  alkaline  and  caustic  properties  is 
rarely  used  internally  unless  largely  diluted. 

Potassii  Chloras.— Potassium  Chlorate,  U.  S.  P.,  KC10S. 

PROPERTIES  :  Potassium  chlorate  is  explosive  when  mixed  with 
oxidizable   matter,  and   caution   should  be  observed   in   manipula-      L,- 
ing  it.     It  occurs  as  colorless  crystals  or  a  white  granular  pow- 
der, odorless  and  having  a  cooling  and  characteristic  taste.     It 
is  soluble  in  water  (1 :16),  but  nearly  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Potassium  chlorate  is  astringent. 
Large  doses  are  actively  poisonous,  causing  disintegration 
of  the  blood-corpuscles.  Potassium  chlorate  is  much  used 
as  a  mouth  wash  in  various  forms  of  stomatitis.  It  is  also 


112  USEFUL     DRUGS 

employed  as  a  gargle  in  the  treatment  of  pharyngitis.  Its 
value  in  these  conditions,  however,  is  uncertain.  Its  internal 
use  is  not  to  be  recommended. 

DOSAGE:  A  saturated  solution  may  be  used  as  a  mouth 
wash  or  gargle. 

Potassii  Citras.— Potassium  Citrate,  U.  S.  P.,  K3C6H007-H,0. 

PROPERTIES  :  Potassium  citrate  occurs  as  transparent,  pris- 
matic crystals  or  a  white  granular  powder,  odorless,  and  having 
a  cooling,  saline  taste.  It  is  very  soluble  in  water  (1:0.5),  but 
very  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Potassium  citrate  has  the  same  action 
as  potassium  acetate.  It  is  less  readily  absorbed  and  con- 
sequently, in  large  doses,  is  more  laxative. 

DOSAGE:    1  gm.  or  15  grains. 

Potassii  Citras  Effervescens. — Effervescent  Potassium  Citrate. 

U.  S.  P. 

A  mixture  of  potassium  citrate  (20  per  cent.)  with 
sodium  bicarbonate,  tartaric  acid  and  citric  acid. 

DOSAGE:    4  gm.  or  60  grains. 

Potassii  et  Sodii   Tartras. — Potassium  and  Sodium   Tartrate, 
I".  S.  P.,    KXaC4H4Oc.4H,O. 

Popularly  known  as  Rochelle  Salt. 

PROPERTIES  :  Potassium  and  sodium  tartrate  occurs  as  color- 
less, transparent  crystals  or  white  powder,  odorless  and  having 
a  cooling  saline  taste.  It  is  freely  soluble  in  water  (1:1.2),  but 
practically  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Potassium  and  sodium  tartrate  is 
used  as  a  saline  cathartic. 

DOSAGE:    8  gm.  or  120  grains. 

Pulvis     Effervescens     Compositus. — Compound     Effervescing 

Powder,  U.  S.  P. 

Popularly  known  as  Seidlitz  powder.  A  mixture  of  sodium 
bicarbonate  (31  gm.).  potassium  and  sodium  tartrate  (93 
gm.)  and  tartaric  acid  (27  gm.). 

The  sodium  bicarbonate  is  mixed  with  the  potassium  and 
sodium  tartrate  and  the  mixture  divided  into  twelve  equal 
parts  and  each  part  is  wrapped  separately  in  a  blue  paper. 
Each  blue  paper  contains  7%  gm.  of  potassium  and  sodium 
tartrate.  The  tartaric  acid  is  also  divided  into  twelve  parts 
and  each  part  wrapped  in  a  separate  white  paper. 

DOSAGE:     One  set  of  two  papers. 

Potassii  Hydroxidum. — Potassium  Hydroxide,  U.  S.  P.,  KOH. 

PROPERTIES  :  Potassium  hydroxid  should  contain  not  less  than 
85  per  cent,  of  KOH.  It  occurs  as  dry,  white  or  nearly  white 
flakes,  fused  masses,  or  in  pencils,  hard  and  brittle,  showing 
a  crystalline  fracture,  odorless  and  having  a  very  acrid  and 
caustic  taste.  It  rapidly  destroys  organic  tissues  and  great 
caution  is  necessary  in  handling.  It  is  very  soluble  in  watej- 
and  freely  soluble  in  alcohol. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  113 

Liquor  Potassii  Hydroxidi. — Solution  of  Potassium  Hydrox- 
ide, U.  S.  P. 
One  hundred  c.c.  contain  approximately  5  gm.  of  potassium 

hydroxid. 

ACTION  AND   USES:     Solution   of   potassium   hydroxid   is 

antacid,  but  is  seldom  used  internally,  and  when  so  employed 

should  be  largely  diluted.     Its  action  on  the  urine  is  similar 

to  that  of  potassium  carbonate,   acetate   or  citrate.     It   is 

not  regarded  as  so  good  a  remedy  as  these. 

Externally  it  may  be  used  to  soften  the  epidermis  for  the 

removal  of  warts,  corns,  etc. 

DOSAGE:    1  c.c.  or  15  minims. 

Potassii  lodidum. — Potassium  Iodide,  U.  S.  P.,  KI. 

PROPERTIES  :  Potassium  iodid  occurs  as  colorless  or  opaqua 
white,  cubical  crystals,  or  granulated  powder,  having  a  peculiar. 
faint,  iodin-like  odor,  and  a  pungent,  saline,  afterward  bitter 
taste.  It  is  very  soluble  in  water  (1:0.1)  and  soluble  in  alcohol 
(1:12). 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Potassium  iodid  is  incompatible  with 
mineral  acids  and  oxidizing  agents  and  should  not  be  pre- 
scribed in  solution  with  alkaloids  or  alkaloid-containing 
drugs. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Potassium  iodid  is  slightly  irritating 
to  the  gastro-intestinal  canal,  especially  the  stomach.  After 
absorption  ordinary  doses  produce  no  symptoms.  It  prob- 
ably undergoes  some  decomposition  with  the  liberation  of 
iodin.  In  large  or  moderate  doses,  long  continued,  it  fre- 
quently produces  symptoms  of  iodism.  These  are  due  to 
irritation  of  the  nasal  passages,  the  bronchi  and  the  skin. 
The  irritation  of  the  nose  is  shown  by  coryza,  and  by  pain 
in  the  region  of  the  frontal  sinus. 

There  is  considerable  increase  of  the  bronchial  secretions. 

On  the  skin  it  produces  various  eruptions,  generally  of  a 
papular  character,  which  rarely  become  pustular.  Eruption 
and  inflammation  of  the  skin  may  sometimes  be  so  extensive 
as  to  produce  constitutional  depression. 

In  iodism  there  are  often  symptoms  resembling  those  of 
exophthalmic  goiter — tachycardia,  tremor,  nervous  irritabil- 
ity, etc. 

Potassium  iodid  is  regarded  as  an  alterative.  It  is  used 
as  an  expectorant  to  increase  secretion  in  the  bronchi.  It  is 
of  value  in  subacute  and  chronic  bronchitis.  The  most 
remarkable  action  of  iodids  is  the  absorption  of  gummatous 
extidates  in  tertiary  syphilis.  The  iodid  does  not  destroy 
the  spirochetes,  but  possibly  causes  the  formation  of  a  pro- 
teolytic  ferment  that  has  a  selective  action  on  the  round  cells 
composing  the  gumma.  By  promoting  the  absorption  of 
cellular  exudates  in  the  walls  of  the  blood-vessels,  it  exerts 
a  beneficial  influence  in  many  cases  of  arteriosclerosis.  There 
is  evidence  that  the  forms  of  arterial  disease  which  are 
improved  by  iodids  are  of  syphilitic  origin.  A  similar  absorp- 
tive action,  almost  specific,  is  seen  after  administration  of 


114  USEFUL     DRUGS 

large  doses  of  iodids  in  the  granulomatous  lesions  of  actino- 
mycosis,  sporotrichosis  and  blastomycosis. 

Potassium  iodid  is  used  to  promote  the  elimination  of 
poisons,  especially  the  poisonous  metals  such  as  mercury 
and  l«ad. 

DOSAGE:  The  dosage  varies  in  non-syphilitic  cases  from 
0.3  to  2  gm.  or  from  5  to  30  grains,  but  in  cases  of  syphilis, 
especially  in  the  tertiary  form,  much  larger  doses  up  to  5 
gm.  and  more  may  be  necessary.  It  is  often  advisable  to 
begin  with  5  drops  of  a  saturated  solution  three  times  a  day 
after  meals  and  increase  by  1  drop  per  day  added  to  each 
dose.  It  should  not  be  given  on  an  empty  stomach,  but  with 
some  food,  preferably  liquid,  such  as  milk.  On  the  occur- 
rence of  symptoms  of  iodism,  such  as  coryza,  papular  or 
pustular  eruptions,  rapid  pulse,  etc.,  the  remedy  should  be 
discontinued  and  resumed  in  smaller  doses  after  the  dis- 
appearance of  toxic  symptoms. 

Potassii   Permanganas. — Potassium   Permanganate,   U.    S.    P., 
KMnO4. 

PROPERTIES  :  Potassium  permanganate  occurs  as  slender  prisms, 
of  a  dark  purple  color,  almost  opaque  by  transmitted  light  and  of 
a  blue  metallic  luster  by  reflected  light,  odorless  and  having  a 
taste  which  Is  at  first  sweet  but  afterward  disagreeable  and 
astringent.  It  is  soluble  in  water  (1 : 15)  and  decomposes  when 
brought  into  contact  with  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Potassium  permanganate  is  deodorant, 
disinfectant  and  possibly  emmenagogue.  As  an  emmena- 
gogue,  potassium  permanganate  may  be  given  in  doses  of 
from  0.03  to  0.06  gm.  (from  %  to  1  grain)  three  times  a  day. 

It  has  marked  oxidizing  properties  and  is  used  for  this 
purpose  in  the  treatment  of  certain  forms  of  poisoning  when 
the  poison  is  still  in  the  stomach.  In  morphin  poisoning 
the  stomach  should  be  washed  with  a  solution  of  potassium 
permanganate  (1:2,000).  The  same  treatment  is  useful  in 
phosphorus  poisoning.  In  cases  of  snake  bite  it  may  be  given 
by  hypodermic  injections  of  a  solution  (1:500)  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  the  wound. 

Potassium  permanganate  has  been  used  to  disinfect  the 
hands  in  surgery.  The  hand  is  dipped  into  the  disinfectant 
solution  until  it  is  a  mahogany  brown,  and  then  dipped 
into  a  warm  saturated  solution  of  oxalic  acid  and  rinsed  in 
sterile  water. 

It  is  applied  externally  for  excessive  sweating  of  the  feet. 

DOSAGE:  It  is  usually  administered  in  the  form  of  pills, 
being  mixed  with  kaolin  and  massed  with  petrolatum.  For 
application  to  the  skin  a  solution  of  1:500  may  be  used. 

Protargol. — Protargol,  N.  N.  R.,  Silver  Proteinate. 

This  is  a  compound  of  albumin  and  silver  containing  8.3 
per  cent,  of  silver  in  organic  combination. 

PROPERTIES  :  Protargol  occurs  as  a  light  brown  powder  which 
is  slowly  but  freely  soluble  in  water  (1:2).  Protargol  should  be 


USEFUL     DRUGS  llf> 

protected  from  the  light  and  its  solutions  should  be  made  ns 
required.  It  is  precipitated  by  cocain  hydrochlorid,  but  this  may 
be  prevented  by  the  addition  of  boric  acid. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Protargol  is  a  non-irritant  bactericide 
and  antiseptic.  It  may  be  employed  in  chronic  gonorrhea  as 
a  non-irritant  substitute  for  silver  nitrate,  and  in  diseases 
of  the  mucous  membranes  of  the  eye,  ear,  nose  and  throat 
as  an  antiseptic  and  astringent.  It  is  largely  used  in  the 
treatment  of  conjunctivitis. 

DOSAGE:  It  is  used  chiefly  in  the  form  of  from  0.25  to 
1  per  cent,  solution  for  instillations  or  injections  and  1 : 1,000 
to  1:2,000  solution  as  irrigations.  Also  used  in  the  form 
of  tampons  and  bougies.  Solutions  are  preferably  made  by 
sprinkling  the  protargol  over  the  surface  of  the  required 
amount  of  cold  water  and  setting  aside  until  solution  occurs. 

Primus  Virginiana. — Wild  Cherry,  U.  S.  P. 

The  bark  of  Prunus  serotina,  used  in  medicine  principally 
in  the  form  of: 

Syrupus  Pruni  Virginianae. — Syrup  of  Wild  Cherry,  U.  S.  P. 

Representing  an  aqueous  extract  of  15  per  cent,  of  wild 
cherry  bark. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  As  it  contains  tannins  it  is  incom- 
patible with  salts  of  iron. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Syrup  of  wild  cherry  is  tonic  and 
sedative  and  largely  used  as  a  vehicle  for  cough  medicines. 

DOSAGE:      5   c.c.  or   1   fluidram. 

PULVERES— POWDERS 

Pharmaceutically,  powders  are  combinations  of  several 
substances  in  powdered  form  or  powdered  vegetable  drugs. 
The  term  "powders"  is  also  applied  to  single  dose  quantities 
of  a  drug  or  mixture  of  drugs  in  powdered  form  wrapped 
separately  in  "powder  papers." 

For  the  preparations  included  in  this  list  see : 

Pulvis  Effervescens  Compositus,  under  Potassii  et  Sodii 
Tartras. 

Pulvis  Glycyrrhizae  Compositus,  under  Glycyrrhiza. 

Pulvis  Ipecacuanhae  et  Opii,  under  Opium.    , 

Pulvis  Jalapae  Compositus,  under  Jalapa. 

Pulvis  Opii,  under  Opium. 

Quinina. — Quinine,  U.  S.  P. 

An  alkaloid  obtained  from  the  bark  of  various  species  of 
Cinchona. 

PROPERTIES  :  Quinin  occurs  as  white,  flaky  or  microcrystalline 
powder,  odorless  and  having  a  bitter  taste.  It  is  very  slightly 
soluble  in  water  (1  :1,750),  but  very  soluble  in  alcohol  (1  :0.6). 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Quinin  is  antimalarial,  antipyretic, 
ecbolic  and  is  also  used  as  a  bitter  tonic.  Quinin  is  a 
protoplasmic  poison,  especially  affecting  the  protozoa  more 


116  I'SKFUL     DRUGS 

than  bacteria.  It  is  somewhat  irritant  to  the  stomach  and 
intestines  and  when  absorbed  it  causes  ringing  in  the  ears, 
but  in  moderate  doses  produces  no  other  marked  effects  in 
healthy  persons.  In  patients  with  fever  it  is  antipyretic. 
Its  solutions  produce  local  anesthesia,  especially  the  solution 
of  quinin  and  urea  hydrochloric!.  In  large  doses  it  produces 
depression  of  the  heart  and  respiration,  and  collapse.  In 
toxic  doses  quinin  may  produce "  more  or  less  complete 
hemianopia  terminating  in  permanent  loss  of  sight.  Moder- 
ately large  doses  of  quinin  act  as  a  stimulant  to  the  uterine 
muscles,  but  do  not  produce  such  spasmodic  contractions  as 
ergot. 

Quinin  may  be  used  as  a  tonic,  like  the  simple  bitters,  for 
the  improvement  of  digestion  and  nutrition. 

Its  chief  use  is  as  an  antiperiodic  in  malaria.  In  this 
disease  it  should  be  given  in  large  doses  several  hours  before 
the  time  of  the  expected  chill. 

DOSAGE:  0.25  gm.  or  4  grains.  In  malaria  0.6  gm.  or 
10  grains  may  be  given  at  a  dose.  For  ordinary  use  it  is 
preferably  administered  in  the  form  of  capsules.  For  use 
as  a  bitter  tonic  it  is  given  in  solution.  For  its  use  as  a 
local  anesthetic  see  quinin  and  urea  hydrochlorid.  In  medi- 
cine quinin  is  customarily  used  in  the  form  of  one  of  the 
official  or  unofficial  salts. 

The  intensely  bitter  taste  of  quinin  and  its  soluble  salts, 
which  constitutes  the  greatest  objection  to  its  use,  especially 
with  children,  may  be  masked  by  administering  the  alkaloid 
or  the  insoluble  tannate  in  syrup  of  glycyrrhiza  or  syrup 
of  yerba  santa. 

Quininae  Bisulphas. — Quinine  Bisulphate,  U.  S.  P. 
The  acid  sulphate  of  the  alkaloid  quinin. 

PROPERTIES  :  Quinin  bisulphate  occurs  in  colorless,  transpar- 
ent crystals  or  as  small  whitish  needles,  odorless  and  having  a 
very  bitter  taste.  It  is  freely  soluble  in  water  (1  :  8.5)  and  solu- 
ble in  alcohol  (1  :18). 

DOSAGE:    0.25  gm.  or  4  grains. 

Quininae  Hydrochloridum. — Quinine  Hydrochloride,  U.  S.  P. 

PROPERTIES  :  Quinin  hydrochlorid  occurs  as  white,  silky,  glis- 
tening needles,  odorless  and  having  a  very  bitter  taste.'  It  is 
soluble  in  water  (1  :18)  and  very  soluble  in  alcohol  (1  :0.6). 

DOSAGE:    0.25  gm.  or  4  grains. 

Quininae  Sulphas. — Quinine  Sulphate,  U.  S.  P. 

PROPERTIES  :  Quinin  sulphate  occurs  as  white,  glistening  crys- 
tals of  prismatic  needles,  odorless  and  having  a  very  bitter  taste. 
It  is  only  slightly  soluble  in  water  (1:720).  but  soluble  in 
alcohol  (1  :86). 

DOSAGE:    0.25  gm.  or  4  grains. 

Quininae  Tannas. — Quinine  Tannate,  N.  N.  R. 

The  tannate  of  the  alkaloid  quinin.  containing  from  30 
to  35  per  cent,  of  quinin. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  117 

PROPERTIES  :  Quinin  tannate  occurs  as  an  amorphous,  pale 
lemon-yellow,  odorless  powder  without  taste,  or  at  most  slightly 
bitter,  with  scarcely  an  astringency.  It  is  only  slightly  soluble 
in  water,  but  freely  soluble  in  alcohol  (1:3). 

DOSAGE:    0.5  gm.  or  7%  grains. 

Quininae    et    Ureae    Hydrochloridum. — Quinine     and    Urea 

Hydrochlorid,  N.  N.  R. 

The  compound  of  quinin  hydrochlorid  and  urea  hydro- 
chlorid,  containing  approximately  60  per  cent,  of  anhydrous 
quinin. 

PROPERTIES  :  Quiniu  and  urea  hydrochlorid  occurs  as  white. 
interlaced  prismatic  crystals,  odorless  and  having  a  very  bitter 
taste.  It  is  freely  soluble  in  water  (1  :1). 

ACTIONS  AND  USES  :  Quinin  and  urea  hydrochlorid  has 
the  actions  of  quinin.  It  is  non -irritating  when  injected 
hypodermically.  Recent  investigations  have  shown  that 
when  injected  hypodermically  or  when  applied  locally  to 
mucous  membranes,  it  exerts  an  anesthetic  action  similar 
to  that  of  cocain.  It  is  reported  that  the  anesthesia  is  in 
some  cases  prolonged  for  several  days. 

Quinin  and  urea  hydrochlorid  is  especially  useful  in  the 
treatment  of  malaria  by  hypodermic  injections.  It  has  also 
been  applied  as  a  substitute  for  cocain  in  the  production  of 
local  anesthesia. 

DOSAGE:  The  same  as  quinin.  For  the  production  of  local 
anesthesia,  injection  of  a  solution  of  from  0.25  to  1  per  cent, 
strength  is  said  to  be  free  from  the  risk  of  producing  fibrous 
indurations,  which  sometimes  occur  with  the  stronger  solu- 
tion. For  application  to  mucous  membranes  solutions  vary- 
ing in  strength  from  10  to  20  per  cent,  should  be  used. 

Resina .— Rosin,  U.  S.  P. 

The  residue  left  after  distilling  off  the  volatile  oil  from 
'    turpentine. 

PROPERTIES  :  Rosin  occurs  in  sharp,  angular  fragments,  amber- 
colored,  usually  covered  with  a  yellowish  dust  and  at  ordinary 
temperatures  readily  pulverized.  It  is  practically  insoluble  in 
water,  but  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  the  fixed  or  volatile  oils. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Rosin  is  used  as  an  ingredient  of  oint- 
ments and  plasters  designed  to  serve  chiefly  as  stimulating 
applications  to  the  skin,  the  simple  rosin  plaster  being  used 
as  an  adhesive  plaster  in  minor  surgery. 

RESINAE— RESINS 

Resins  are  usually  made  by  distilling  the  volatile  oil  from 
natural  oleoresins  or  by  precipitating  resins  from  alcoholic- 
solutions  by  the  addition  of  water. 

For  preparations  included  in  this  list  see. 

Resina,  under  Resina. 

Resina   Podophylli,    under   Podophyllum. 

Resorcinol. — Resorcinol,  U.  S.  P.      (Resorcimirn,  Pharmacopeia. 
1890). 


118  LSEFUL     DRUGS 

The  diatomic  phenol,  metadihydroxybenzene,  C6H4(OH)2. 

PROPERTIES  :  Resorcinol  occurs  as  colorless,  needle-shaped  crys- 
tals, having  a  faint,  peculiar  odor  and  a  sweetish,  followed  hy  a 
bitter  taste.  It  is  very  soluble  in  water  (1:0.5)  and  in  alcohol 
(1:0.4). 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Resorcinol  is  antiseptic,  antizymotic 
and  antipyretic.  On  account  of  the  readiness  with  which  it 
causes  the  formation  of  methemoglobin  and  the  resulting 
danger  of  collapse  it  is  seldom  administered  internally. 
It  is  sometimes  given  to  check  fermentation  in  the  stomach. 
Applied  externally  it  is  astringent  in  from  1  to  3  per  cent, 
solutions,  and  keratolytic  in  strong  proportions,  from  10 
to  20  per  cent. 

DOSAGE:     0.125  gin.  or  2  grains. 

Rhamnus  Purshiana.— Cascara  Sagrada,  U.  S.  P. 

The  dried  bark  of  Rhamnus  Purshiana. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  The  preparations  of  cascara  sagrada 
are  laxative,  acting  mainly  on  the  colon,  and  are  widely  used 
for  habitual  constipation.  The  dose  can  be  gradually  reduced 
without  constipation  following. 

Fluidextractum  Rhamni  Purshianae. — Fluidextract  of  Cascara 
Sagrada,  U.  S.  P.  t 

One  hundred  c.c.  represent  100  gm.  of  the  drug  in  approxi- 
mately 40  per  cent,  alcohol.  The  presence  of  a  bitter  prin- 
ciple renders  this  preparation  useful  as  a  tonic  as  well  as  a 
laxative. 

DOSAGE:  1  c.c.  or  15  minims,  three  times  daily;  smaller 
doses  should  be  used  if  efficient  for  laxative  effect. 

Fluidextractum  Rhamni  Purshianae  Aromaticum. — Aromatic 
Fluidextract  of  Cascara  Sagrada,  U.  S.  P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  represent  100  gm.  of  the  drug,  which  has 
been  deprived  of  its  bitter  principle  and  aromatized  with 
glycyrrhiza  and  compound  spirit  of  orange.  This  preparation 
is  preferred  as  a  laxative  on  account  of  its  pleasant  taste. 

DOSAGE:  From  0.6  to  2  c.c.  or  from  10  to  30  minims.  The 
smaller  dose  may  be  given  several  times  a  day,  the  larger 
once  daily  at  bedtime. 

Extractum  Rhamni  Purshianae. — Extract  of  Cascara  Sagrada. 
U.  S.  P. 

A  powdered  extract  representing  four  times  its  weight  of 
the  drug. 

DOSAGE:   From  0.1  to  0.5  gm.  or  from  2  to  8  grains. 

Rheum.— Rhubarb,  U.  S.  P. 

The  dried  rhizome  of  Rheum  officinale  is  occasionally 
administered  either  in  the  form  of  powder  or  in  the  form  of 
"cubes"  or  "fingers." 


USEFUL     DRUGS  119 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Rhubarb  and  the  extract  are  cathar- 
tics, bitter  tonics  and  stomachics,  while  the  aromatic  tincture 
and  the  aromatic  syrup  are  laxative  and  to  a  slight  extent 
astringent.  As  cathartics  they  act  chiefly  on  the  colon  and 
have  a  tendency  to  produce  constipation  after  the  initial 
laxative  effect.  Hence  they  are  an  appropriate  remedy  in 
the  beginning  of  diarrhea  as  they  cause  the  expulsion  of 
irritating  substances  and  promote  a  return  to  normal  by 
their  constipating  influence. 

DOSAGE:    1  gm,  or  15  grains. 

Extractum  Rhei.— Extract  of  Rhubarb,  U.  S.  P. 

A  hydro-alcoholic  extract  of  rhubarb  evaporated  to  a 
pilular  consistency. 

DOSAGE:    0.25  gm.  or  4  grains. 

Tinctura   Rhei  Aromatica. — Aromatic  Tincture  of   Rhubarb. 

U.  S.  P. 

Aromatic  tincture  of  rhubarb  represents  rhubarb  (20  gm.), 
cinnamon  (4  gm. ),  cloves  (4  gm.)  and  myristica  (2  gm. ),  in 
a  mixture  of  glycerol,  alcohol  and  water  to  make  100  c.c. 

DOSAGE:    2  c.c.  or  30  minims. 

Syrupus    Rhei    Aromaticus. — Aromatic    syrup    of    Rhubarb, 
U.  S.  P. 

For  all  practical  purposes  this  represents  aromatic  tincture 
of  rhubarb  (15  c.c.)  with  sufficient  syrup  to  make  100  c.c. 

DOSAGE:    8  c.c.  or  2  fluidrams. 

Ricini  Oleum  (Oleum  Ricini). — Castor  Oil,  U.  S.  P. 

A  fixed  oil  expressed  from  the  seed  of  Ricinus  communis. 

PROPERTIES  :  Castor  oil  occurs  as  a  pale  yellowish  or  almost 
colorless  viscid  liquid,  having  a  faint,  mild  odor  and  a  bland 
afterward  slightly  acrid  and  generally  offensive  taste.  It  is 
practically  insoluble  in  water,  but  freely  soluble  in  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Castor  oil  is  used  as  a  cathartic,  irri- 
tating both  the  small  and  the  large  intestine,  and  locally, 
particularly  in  the  eye,  as  a  demulcent. 

DOSAGE:    16  c.c.  or  4  fluidrams. 

Castor  oil  may  be  administered  in  the  form  of  emulsion. 
Emulsum  Olei  Ricini,  N.  F.,  a  33%  per  cent,  emulsion,  or  it 
may  be  given  after  wetting  the  mouth  with  some  hot  liquid 
and  giving  the  oil  floating  in  the  liquid.  For  this  purpose 
milk  or  tea  may  be  used.  Preparations  are  on  the  market 
in  which  the  taste  is  largely  concealed  by  the  addition  of 
saccharin  and  essential  oils,  the  castor  oil  itself  being  made 
more  limpid  by  the  addition  of  alcohol.  Suspended  in  soda 
water  it  is  easily  given  to  children. 

Rosa. — Rose. 

Rose  is  used  in  pharmacy  chiefly  in  the  form  of: 


120  USEFUL     DRUGS 

Oleum  Rosae.— Oil  of  Rose,  U.  S.  P. 

A  volatile  oil  distilled  from  the  fresh  flowers  of  Rosa 
damascena. 

Aqua  Rosae. — Rose-Water,  U.  S.  P.    . 

A  solution  of  the  volatile  oil  of  rose  in  water. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Oil  of  rose  and  rose-water  are  used 
for  flavoring. 

Saccharum.— Sugar,  U.  S.  P. 

Refined  sucrose  obtained  from  various  sources. 

Official  in  the  form  of  white,  dry,  hard,  distinctly  crystal- 
line granules,  odorless  and  having  a  purely  sweet  taste. 
Sugar  is  very  soluble  in  water  (1:0.5)  and  soluble  in  alcohol 
(1:138). 

ACTION  AND  USES:  In  medicine  it  is  used  as  a  diluent, 
either  as  sugar  or  in  the  form  of: 

Syrupus. — Syrup,  U.  S.  P. 

An  aqueous  solution  of  sugar  containing  approximately 
85  gm.  of  sugar  in  100  c.c.  of  the  liquid. 

Saccharum    Lactis. — Sugar    of    Milk,    U.    S.    P.,    Milk-Sugar. 
Lactose. 

A  peculiar  crystalline  sugar  obtained  from  the  whey  of 
cow's  milk  by  evaporation,  and  purified  by  recrystallization. 

PROPERTIES  :  Sugar  of  milk  occurs  as  white,  hard,  crystalline 
masses  or  a  white  powder  feeling  gritty  on  the  tongue,  odor- 
less and  having  a  faintly  sweet  taste.  It  is  freely  soluble  in 
water  (1:5),  but  practically  insoluble  in  absolute  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Sugar  of  milk  is  used  as  a  diluent, 
and  also  as  a  food,  particularly  in  connection  with  modified 
milk  for  infants.  It  is  also  diuretic  when  given  in  large 
quantities. 

SALES  EFFERVESCENTES— EFFERVESCENT  SALTS 

Effervescent  salts  are  mixtures  of  soluble  salts  with 
sodium  bicarbonate  and  citric  or  tartaric  acid,  or  a  mixtur, 
of  the  two  acids,  designed  to  yield  effervescent  drafts  when 
added  to  water. 

For  preparations  included  in  this  list  see: 

Magnesii  Sulphas  Effervescens.  under  Magnesii  Sulphas. 

Potassii  Citras  Effervescens,  under  Potassii  Citras. 

Pulvis  Effervescens,  under  Potassii  et  Sodii  Tartras. 

Sodii  Phosphas  Effervescens,  under  Sodii  Phosphas. 

Salvarsan. — Salvarsan,  N.  N.  R. 

Also  known  as  arsenobenzol,  "606",  and  arsenophenolamin 
hydrochlorid,  is  3-diamino-4-dihydroxyl-l-arseno  benzene 
hydrochlorid.  Corresponds  to  31.57  per  cent,  arsenic  (As). 


USEFUL     DRUGS  121 

PROPERTIES  :  Salvarsan  occurs  as  a  yellow,  crystalline,  hygro- 
scopic powder,  very  unstable  in  air.  It  is  soluble  in  water,  yield- 
ing a  solution  with  an  acid  reaction. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Salvarsan  is  useful  as  a  specific  remedy 
for  syphilis  in  all  stages,  but  is  the  more  efficient  the  more 
recent  the  infection.  It  is  especially  indicated  in  the  pri- 
mary stage;  in  the  later  stages  it  should  be  given  in 
repeated  doses,  in  conjunction  with  mercurial  courses.  In 
malignant  syphilis,  which  resists  mercury,  it  is  often  effi- 
cient. 

Salvarsan  is  efficient  in  the  various  spirillar  diseases  such 
as  relapsing  fever,  Vincent's  angina,  etc.  In  Vincent's  angina 
local  applications'  of  the  powder  have  been  found  useful,  in 
addition  to  the  intravenous  administration.  The  drug 
administered  intravenously  cannot  reach  the  spirilla 
embedded  in  the  necrotic  tissue  of  the  throat. 

It  has  been  recommended  as  a  substitute  for  arsenic  in 
anemia,  particularly  pernicious  anemia,  and  in  diseases  of 
the  skin  which  are  amenable  to  the  action  of  arsenic.  Its 
use  in  these  conditions  must  be  regarded  as  still 
experimental. 

In  certain  cases  salvarsan  has  produced  toxic  results  which 
are  equivalent  to  poisoning  by  arsenic.  These  have  occurred 
more  commonly  after  the  intramuscular  injections.  The 
intramuscular  injection  is  painful  and  is  usually  followed 
by  a  tender,  inflammatory  nodule,  which  persists  for  some 
time. 

After  intravenous  injections  certain  nervous  symptoms 
have  frequently  arisen  which  have  received  the  name  of  neu- 
rorecidiv  (nervous  relapse).  The  evidence  seems  to  show  that 
these  nervous  conditions  are  due  not  to  the  action  of  salvar- 
san but  to  the  increased  activity  of  the  spirochetes.  They 
are  best  treated,  therefore,  by  a  specific  remedy:  another 
dose  of  salvarsan  or  a  compound  of  mercury. 

The  optic  neuritis  which  is  so  frequently  produced  by 
other  preparations  of  arsenic  has  occurred  very  rarely  in 
connection  with  salvarsan.  The  drug  should  be  employed 
with  great  caution,  however,  if  at  all,  in  the  presence  of 
eye  disease  even  when  caused  by  syphilis. 

DOSAGE:      0.5   gm.   or   ly*   grains. 

For  subcutaneous  and  intramuscular  injection  a  suspension 
in  a  neutral  fluid  is  commonly  employed.  For  intravenous 
injection  a  clear  alkaline  solution  is  used.  The  contents  of 
a  tube  should  be  used  at  once  after  opening  and  under  no 
"conditions  should  the  contents  of  a  tube,  damaged  in  trans- 
portation, or  any  remnants  of  the  powder  from  previously 
used  tubes,  be  employed.  • 

The  intravenous  method  is  now  recognized  as  the  most 
suitable.  Special  care  should  be  taken  to  see  that  the  water 
used  in  making  the  solutions  is  freshly  distilled  and  com- 
pletely sterile.  Various  forms  of  apparatus  have  been 


122  USEFUL     DRUGS 

devised  to  facilitate  intravenous  injections.  Of  these,  some 
form  of  graduated  gravity  pipet  connected  with  a  tube  fitted 
with  a  three-way  stop-cock  seems  most  suitable. 
Neosalvarsan  is  the  name  applied  to  a  mixture  of  sodium 
3-diamino-4-dihydroxy-  1-arsenobenzene-methanal  -  sulphox- 
ylate  with  inert,  inorganic  salts.  The  arsenic  content  of  3 
parts  of  neosalvarsan  is  approximately  equal  to  2  parts  of 
salvarsan.  Solutions  of  neosalvarsan  are  more  readily  pre- 
pared; otherwise  its  actions  and  uses,  as  well  as  the  precau- 
tions to  be  observed,  are  the  same  as  for  salvarsan. 

Santali  Oleum  (Oleum  Santali).— Oil  of  Santal,  U.  S.  P. 

A  volatile  oil  distilled  from  the  wood  of  Santalum  album. 

PROPERTIES  :  Oil  of  santal  occurs  as  a  pale"  yellow,  somewhat 
thick  liquid,  having  a  peculiar  aromatic  odor,  and  a  pungent, 
spicy  taste.  Readily  soluble  in  alcohol,  but  practically  insoluble 
in  water. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Oil  of  santal  is  a  stimulant  and  anti- 
septic to  the  bronchial  mucous  membrane  and  especially  to 
the  mucous  membranes  of  the  genito-urinary  tract.  It  is 
not  employed  in  the  treatment  of  respiratory  diseases,  but 
is  used  extensively  in  the  treatment  of  gonorrhea.  It  is 
not  suitable  to  the  acute  stages,  but  should  be  used  in  the 
subacute  and  chronic  stages. 

DOSAGE:    0.5  c.c.  or  8  minims. 

Santoninum. — Santonin,  U.  S.  P. 

The  inner  anhydrid  or  lactone  of  santonic  acid  obtained 
from  santonica. 

PROPERTIES  :  Santonin  occurs  as  colorless,  rhombic  prisms, 
odorless  and  nearly  tasteless  when  first  put  into  the  mouth,  but 
afterward  develoning  a  bitter  taste.  It  is  very  insoluble  in 
water  (1:5,300),  and  soluble  in  alcohol  (1:35). 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Santonin  is  used  for  its  poisonous 
action  on  intestinal  parasites.  It  is  seldom  absorbed  to  a 
sufficient  extent  to  produce  symptoms.  When  this  occurs, 
the  chief  effects  are  yellow  vision  and  epileptiform  con- 
vulsions, 

It  is  used  especially  for  its  effect  on  roundworms.  In 
proper  doses  it  is  a  reasonably  safe  drug.  It  is  frequently 
administered  with  calomel. 

DOSAGE:    0.065  gm.  or  1  grain. 

As  absorption  is  to  be  avoided  the  remedy  is  preferably 
administered  in  the  form  of  coarse  crystals,  either  inclosed 
in  a  capsule  or  made  up  into  a  lozenge  rather  than  in  finely 
powdered  form.  The  soluble  sodium  santoninate  should  be 
avoided  as  a  vermifuge. 

Sapo. — Soap,  U.  S.  P. 

Officially  directed  to  be  prepared  from  sodium  hydroxid 
and  olive-oil  (Castile  soap). 

PROPERTIES  :  Soap  occurs  as  a  white  or  whitish  solid,  hard 
yet  easily  cut  when  fresh,  having  a  faint  peculiar  odor  free  from 


USEFUL     DRUGS  123 

rancidity,  a  disagreeable  alkaline  taste  and  an  alkaline  reaction 
It  is  soluble  in  water  and  in  alcohol. 

Linimentum  Saponis.— Soap  Liniment,  U.  S.  P. 

A  solution  of  soap,  camphor  and  oil  of  rosemary  in  a 
mixture  of  alcohol  and  water. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Soap  liniment  applied  externally  is 
stimulant  and  rubefacient,  but  is  used  more  frequently  as  a 
vehicle  for  the  local  application  of  other  more  active 
counterirritants. 

Sapo  Mollis.— Soft  Soap,  U.  S.  P. 

A  soap  prepared  from  potassium  hydroxid  and  linseed  oil. 
PROPERTIES  :  Soft   soap   occurs   as  a  soft,   unctuous,   yellowish- 
brown  mass,  having  a  characteristic  odor  and  an  alkaline  taste. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Soft  soap  is  used  principally  as  a 
detergent;  being  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  in  mixtures  of  alcohol 
and  water  it  is  frequently  used  as  a  liquid  soap.  It  has 
also  been  used  to  some  extent  as  a  vehicle  for  other  more 
active  medicaments  to  be  applied  in  the  form  of  an  ointment. 

Sarsaparilla. — Sarsaparilla,  U.  S.  *P. 

The  dried  root  of  different  species  of  smilax. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Sarsaparilla  has  long  been  in  use  as 
an  "alterative."  Practically  its  only  active  ingredient 
appears  to  be  a  saponin-like  body,  and  this  has  been  taken 
advantage  of  quite  extensively  in  connection  with  the  com- 
pound syrup  of  Sarsaparilla  for  the  administration  of  castor 
oil  at  soda-water  fountains  and  as  a  vehicle  for  other  active 
medicaments. 

Syrupus    Sarsaparillae    Compositus". — Compound    Syrup    of 
Sarsaparilla,  U.  S.  P. 

A  mixture  of  fluidextract  of  Sarsaparilla  (20  c.c.),  fluid- 
extract  of  glycyrrhiza  (1.5  c.c.),  fluidextract  of  senna,  (1.5 
c.c.),  and  aromatics  with  syrup  (sufficient  to  make  100  c.c.). 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Compound  syrup  of  sarsaparilla  is  used 
as  a  vehicle. 

DOSAGE:      16  c.c.  or  4  fluidrams. 

Scilla.— Squill,  U.  S.  P. 

The  bulb  of  Urginea  maritima. .  It  is  occasionally 
administered  in  the  form  of  powder. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  The  pharmacologic  actions  of  squill 
resemble  those  of  digitalis  qualitatively,  but  the  emetic 
action  appears  to  be  more  prominent  with  squill,  and  this 
has  led  to  its  use  as  an  emetic  in  the  past,  and  it  is  still 
used  as  a  nauseant,  but  it  seems  unwise  to  use  a  drug  which 
affects  the  heart  so  powerfully  when  we  have  other  nause- 
ants,  such  as  ipecac,  which  probably  have  less  undesirable 
side  actions. 


124  USEFUL     DRUGS 

Squill  is  used  frequently  to  promote  diuresis,  which  it 
probably  does  after  the  manner  of  digitalis,  through  its 
action  on  the  heart. 

Squill  appears  to  be  absorbed  slowly  from  the  gastro- 
intestinal tract,  but  its  emetic  effects  appear  to  be  due  to 
its  action  on  vomiting  center  in  the  medulla,  and  its  diuretic 
effects  to  be  secondary  to  its  action  on  the  heart.  Hence 
it  is  probable  that  digitalis  could  always  be  used  in  its 
place  to  induce  an  increased  secretion  of  urine.  It  is  quite 
possible  that  the  acetic  acid  plays  some  part  in  the  useful- 
ness of  syrup  of  squill  in  expectorant  mixtures.  Squill  is 
much  used  as  a  nauseant  expectorant  in  the  first  stages  of 
laryngitis,  bronchitis,  etc. 

DOSAGE:     0.125  gm.  or  2  grains. 

Tinctura  Scillae.— Tincture  of  Squill,  U.  S.  P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  represent  10  gm.  of  squill  in  approxi- 
mately 70  per  cent,  alcohol. 

DOSAGE:     1  c.c.  or  15  minims. 

Syrupus  Scillae. — Syrup  of  S*qiiill,  U.  S.  P. 

A  mixture  of  a  diluted  acetic  acid  extract  of  5  per  cent. 
squill  with  syrup. 

DOSAGE:     2  c.c.  or  30  minims. 

Scopolaminae    Hydrobromidum.  —  Scopolamine    Hydrobromide, 
U.  S.  P.,  Hyoscin  Hydrobromid. 

The  hydrobromid  of  an  alkaloid  obtained  from  plants  of 
the  Solanaceae. 

PROPERTIES  :  Scopolamin  hydrobromid  forms  colorless  crystals, 
odorless,  having  an  acrid,  slightly  bitter  taste,  freely  soluble  in 
water  (1:15)  and  in  alcohol  (1:10). 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Scopolamin  hydrobromid  is  incom- 
patible with  alkalies  and  other  precipitants  of  alkaloids. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Scopolamin  resembles  atropin  in  its 
influence  on  the  nerve  endings,  but  differs  from  it  in  having 
a  sedative  instead  of  a  stimulating  effect  on  the  brain.  It 
is  used  as  a  cerebral  sedative  in  cases  of  mania  and  other 
forms  of  insanity,  but  must  be  employed  with  caution,  as 
it  sometimes  induces  a  rapid  fall  in  blood-pressure  and 
collapse.  It  has  been  extensively  used  in  conjunction  with 
morphin  for  the  production  of  surgical  anesthesia,  either  as 
a  preliminary  to  the  use  of  ether  or  chloroform,  or  as  the 
sole  anesthetic.  It  is  liable  to  produce  dangerous  depression 
of  the  respiration.  Experience  in  these  methods  of  anes- 
thesia has  not  been  satisfactory.  It  has  been  employed  as 
a  partial  anesthetic  in  labor,  but  experience  shows  that  the 
effect  on  the  fetus  is  sometimes  disastrous,  many  children 
being  born  dead  or  asphyxiated. 

It  is  frequently  used  as  a  mydriatic  and  is  regarded  by 
some  ophthalmologists  as  preferable  to  atropin  because  it 


USEFUL     DRUGS  123 

is     less     irritating,    and    produces     a     brief     and    complete 
cycloplegia. 

DOSAGE:    0.5  mg.  or  1/125  grain. 

Senna. — Senna,  U.  S.  P. 

The  dried  leaflets  of  Cassia  acutifolia  (Alexandria  senna), 
or  of  Cassia  angustifolia  (Indian  or  Tinnevelly  senna). 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Senna  belongs  to  the  anthraquinone- 
containing  group  of  vegetable  purgatives  and  is  considered 
to  be  one  of  the  more  efficient  drugs  of  this  class.  It  is 
largely  used  for  the  treatment  of  chronic  constipation. 

DOSAGE:  4  gm.  or  60  grains,  administered  either  in  the 
form  of  powder  or  as  an  infusion. 

Fluidextractum  Sennae.— Fluidextract  of  Senna,  U.  S.  P. 

A  hydro-alcoholic  extract,  100  c.c.  of  which  represent  100 
gm.  of  senna,  previously  treated  with  strong  alcohol  to 
remove  the  resin. 

DOSAGE:    2  c.c.  or  30  minims. 

Syrupus  Sennae. — Synip  of  Senna,  U.  S.  P. 

Represents  a  mixture  of  fluidextract  of  senna  (25  c.c.) 
with  syrup  (sufficient  to  make  100  c.c.). 

.DOSAGE:    4  c.c.  or  1  fluidram. 
See  also  Pulvis  Glycyrrhizae  Compositus,  under  Glycyrrhiza. 

SERA  ET  VACCINA— SERUMS  AND  VACCINES,  N.  N.  R. 

The  vaccines,  viruses  and  serums  constitute  one  of  the 
most  important  groups  of  drugs  with  which  the  physician 
'  has  to  deal.  Some  preparations  of  this  group  are  specific 
cures  for  certain  diseases;  others  are  invaluable  in  prophyl- 
axis and  diagnosis.  The  supervision  of  these  drugs  is  in 
charge  of  the  United  States  Public  Health  Service,  which 
periodically  makes  inspections  of  laboratories  licensed  in 
accordance  with  the  law  passed  by  Congress  in  1902.  Anti- 
diphtheric  and  antitetanic  serums  are  required  to  conform 
strictly  to  the  standards  which  have  been  established  by  the 
United  States  Public  Health  Service.  There  being  no  estab- 
lished standard  for  the  various  other  products,  they  are  not 
examined  for  their  therapeutic  value  in  the  laboratory  but 
are  tested  for  the  amount  of  preservative  and  freedom  from 
bacterial  and  toxic  contaminations.  The  preparations  of 
this  class  most  widely  used  are  the  following,  which  will  be 
found  in  their  respective  alphabetical  positions  in  this  book: 

Antidiphtheric   Serum,   under   Serum   Antidiphthericum. 

Antitetanic  Serum,  under  Serum  Antitetanicum. 

Bacterial  Vaccines,  under  Vaccine. 

Tuberculin,  under  Tuberculinum. 

Vaccine  Virus,  under  Virus  Vaccinum. 


k 


126  USEFUL     DRUGS 

Serum    Antidiphthericum. — Antidiphtheric    Serum,   Diphtheria 
Antitoxin,  U.  S.  P. 

A  fluid  separated  from  the  coagulated  blood  of  the  horse 
immunized  through  the  inoculation  of  diphtheria  toxin. 

PROPERTIES  :  Antidiphtheric  serum  occurs  as  a  yellowish  or 
yellowish-brown,  transparent  or  slightly  turbid  liquid,  odorless 
or  having  a  slight  odor  due  to  the  presence  of  an  antiseptic 
used  as  a  preservative.  The  standard  of  strength,  expressed  in 
units  of  antitoxin  power,  must  be  that  approved  or  established 
by  the  United  States  Public  Health  Service. 

A  modification  of  antidiphtheric  serum  in  concentrated  form, 
known  as  antidiphtheric  globulins,  is  now  being  used  extensively. 
This  is  made  by  the  removal,  by  precipitation  with  neutral  salts, 
of  most  of  the  constituents  of  the  serum  except  that  fraction  of 
the  globulins  bearing  antitoxic  potency. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Antidiphtheric  serum  neutralizes  the 
toxin  of  diphtheria  and  is  employed  both  as  a  curative  and 
as  a  prophylactic  agent  in  that  disease. 

DOSAGE:  The  dose  of  diphtheria  antitoxin  is  measured 
by  antitoxic  units.  From  500  to  1,000  units  are  commonly 
given  as  an  immunizing  or  prophylactic  dose.  For  curative 
treatment  from  3,000  to  10,000  units  may  be  given  as  an 
initial  dose  and  repeated  at  intervals  of  from  six  to  twenty- 
four  hours,  if  no  improvement  results.  In  urgent  cases  it 
may  be  given  intravenously. 

Serum  Antitetanicum. — Antitetanic  Serum,  N.  N.  R. 

Antitetanic  serum  is  the  blood-serum  of  horses  immunized 
to  the  toxin  of  the  tetanus  bacillus. 

PROPERTIES  :  Antitetanic  serum  is  marketed  in  both  liquid  or 
dry  forms.  Some  manufacturers  prepare  an  antitetanic  globulin  ; 
this  contains  a  solution  of  the  globulins  of  the  blood,  which  are* 
soluble  in  a  saturated  sodium  chlorid  solution,  together  with  the 
antitoxin,  and  contains  the  latter  in  concentrated  form.  Anti- 
tetanic  serum  must  conform  to  the  standard  established  by  the 
United  States  Public  Health  Service. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  It  is  used  both  as  a  prophylactic  and 
as  a  curative  agent  in  tetanus.  The  dried  product  may  be 
used  as  a  dusting-powder  in  suspicious  wounds. 

DOSAGE:  Immunizing:  1,500  units;  in  tetanus;  from  3,000 
to  20,000  units  every  four  to  eight  hours.  Single  large  doses 
by  the  vein  are  sometimes  more  effective. 

Sinapis. — Mustard. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Mustard  is  used  extensively  as  a 
counterirritant.  When  mustard  is  mixed  with  water,  the 
volatile  oil  is  generated  by  the  action  of  a  ferment,  myrosin, 
on  a  principle  called  sinigrin,  contained  in  black  mustard. 

Sinapis  Nigra. — Black  Mustard,  U.  S.  P. 
The  seed  of  Brassica  nigra. 
DOSAGE:    As  an  emetic,  8  gm.  or  120  grains. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  127 

Charta  Sinapis. — Mustard  Paper,  U.  S.  P. 

A  coating  of  black  mustard  on  rather  thick,  well-sized 
paper  used  in  place  of  the  domestic  mustard  poultice. 

Oleum  Sinapis  Volatile.— Volatile  Oil  of  Mustard,  U.  S.  P. 

A  volatile  oil  obtained  from  black  mustard  by  maceration 
with  water  and  subsequent  distillation,  yielding,  when 
assayed  by  the  process  given  in  the  U.  S.  Pharmacopeia,  not 
less  than  92  per  cent,  of  allyl  iso-thiocyanate. 

PROPERTIES  :  Volatile  oil  of  mustard  occurs  as  a  colorless  or 
pale  yellow,  limpid  liquid,  having  a  very  pungent  and  acrid 
odor.  Great  caution  should  be  exercised  when  smelling  this  oil, 
and  it  should  not  be  tasted  without  being  highly  diluted.  It 
is  miscible  with  alcohol  in  all  proportions,  and  is  generally  solu- 
ble in  liquids  containing  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:    See  Sinapis. 
DOSAGE:    0.008  c.c.  or  %  minim. 

Sodii  Arsanilas. — Sodium  Arsanilate,  N.  N.  R.,  Atoxyl. 

Sodium  arsanilate  is  the  sodium  salt  of  arsanilic  acid, 
prepared  by  condensing  anilin  and  arsenic  acid. 

PROPERTIES  :  Sodium  arsanilate  occurs  as  white,  odorless  crys- 
tals, having  a  faint  salty  taste  and  being  freely  soluble  in  water 
1:6).  The  aqueous  solution,  on  standing,  assumes  a  yellowish 
tint. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Sodium  arsanilate  has  been  recom- 
mended for  the  conditions  which  are  favorably  influenced 
by  arsenic.  The  arsenic  of  the  acid  is  liberated  very  slowly 
in  the  system,  producing  the  therapeutic  effects  of  arsenic 
with  a  more  continuous  and  less  toxic  action.  Toxic  effects 
have  been  frequently  noted,  however,  and  the  use  of  all 
forms  of  sodium  arsanilate  has  been  followed  by  degenera- 
tion of  the  optic  nerve,  leading  to  blindness.  This  sub- 
stance has  been  used  extensively  in  the  treatment  of  try- 
panosomiasis,  but  the  frequent  cases  of  blindness  resulting 
have  caused  its  use  to  be  almost  entirely  abandoned. 

DOSAGE:    0.08  gm.  or  %  grain,  gradually  increased. 

Sodii  Arsenas. — Sodium  Arsenate,  U.  S.  P.,  Na2HAs047H,0. 

PROPERTIES  :  Sodium  arsenate  occurs  as  colorless,  transparent 
monoclinic  prisms,  odorless,  and  having  a  mild  alkaline  taste. 
It  is  freely  soluble  in  water  (1 :12)  and  nearly  insoluble  in 
alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Sodium  arsenate  has  an  arsenic 
action  and  has  been  employed  in  chronic  skin  diseases  and 
in  parasitic  diseases  of  the  blood,  usually  given  in  the  form 
of  solution  or  pill. 

DOSAGE:    5  mg.  or  1/10  grain. 

Sodii  Benzoas. — Sodium  Benzoate,  U.   S.   P.,  NaC7H602. 

PROPERTIES  :  Sodium  benzoate  occurs  as  a  white,  amorphous 
powder,  odorless,  and  having  a  sweetish  astringent  taste.  It  is 
freely  soluble  in  water  (1  :1.6)  and  soluble  in  alcohol  (1  :43). 


128  USEFUL     DRUGS 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  It  is  incompatible  with  mineral  acids 
and  with  ferric  salts. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Sodium  benzoate  has  an  internal  action 
similar  to  that  of  sodium  salicylate,  but  very  much  weaker, 
so  that  the  latter  salt  is  generally  preferred. 

DOSAGE:  1  gm.  or  15  grains.  It  is  usually  administered 
in  the  form  of  solution. 

Sodii  Bicarbonas. — Sodium  Bicarbonate,  U.  S.  P.,  NaHCOs. 

PROPERTIES  :  Sodium  bicarbonate  occurs  as  a  white,  opaque 
powder,  odorless  and  having  a  cooling,  mildly  alkaline  taste.  It 
is  sojuble  in  water  (1:12)  at  15  C.,  practically  without  decom- 
position, but  above  this  temperature  the  solution  gradually  loses 
carbon  dioxid,  and  at  the  boiling  point  of  water  the  salt  is  con- 
verted into  normal  carbonate ;  it  is  practically  insoluble  in 
alcohol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Sodium  bicarbonate  is  incompatible 
with  acids  and  acid  salts,  and  the  solution  should  be  made 
with  cold  water,  which  tends  to  prevent  its  conversion  into 
the  more  alkaline  carbonate. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Sodium  bicarbonate  is  used  to  neu- 
tralize the  acid  of  the  gastric  juice  in  hyperacidity,  acid 
dyspepsia,  etc.  For  this  purpose  it  is  to  be  preferred  in 
cases  which  are  not  accompanied  by  constipation  or  in  which 
there  is  diarrhea.  It  is  sometimes  used  to  render  the  urine 
alkaline  in  gravel,  etc.,  but  the  citrate  is  preferable. 

Large  doses  are  given  by  the  mouth  in  cases  of  acidosis  in 
diabetes,  fevers  and  similar  conditions.  Sodium  bicarbonate 
may  be  used  intravenously  in  cases  of  extreme  acidosis.  It 
may  also  be  employed  with  sodium  chlorid  for  saline  infu- 
sions in  cases  accompanied  by  edema,  although  edema  pro- 
duced by  large  doses  of  alkali  has  been  reported.  It  should 
never  be  injected  hypodermically  or  intramuscularly  as  it 
may  cause  sloughing. 

Externally  it  is  used  as  a  mild  alkaline  wash.  Solu- 
tions of  sodium  bicarbonate  are  antipruritic.  A  weak  solu- 
tion is  employed  to  soften  impacted  cerumen.  Sodium  bicar- 
bonate may  be  employed  to  neutralize  acetic  or  citric  acids 
for  the  extemporaneous  preparation  of  sodium  acetate  or 
citrate. 

DOSAGE:  1  gm.  or  15  grains.  Much  larger  doses  may  be 
given  in  acidosis.  As  much  as  60  gm.  or  2  ounces  may  be 
given  daily.  It  may  be  administered  by  a  "drop  enema"  of 
a  4  per  cent,  solution.  For  intravenous  injection  a  6  per 
cent,  solution  sterilized  by  boiling  and  hence  partly  con- 
verted into  the  carbonate  has  been  recommended.  1,000  c.c. 
of  such  a  solution  may  be  injected,  but  great  care  must  be 
taken  that  none  of  the  liquid  gets  outside  the  vein  lest 
necrosis  of  the  tissues  occur. 

Sodii    Boras.— Sodium.  Borate,    U.    S.    P.,    Na2B407,10H2O. 

Popularly  known  as  borax  and  properly  designated  as 
sodium  tetraborate. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  129 

PROPERTIES  :  Sodium  borate  occurs  as  colorless,  transparent 
crystals  or  a  white  powder,  inodorous,  and  having  a  sweetish 
alkaline  taste.  It  is  soluble  in  water,  but  practically  insoluble 
in  alcohol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Sodium  borate  is  decomposed  by  min- 
eral salts  and  is  incompatible  with  mucilage  of  acacia,  with 
the  metallic  salts  of  the  mineral  acids  and  with  the  salts  of 
most  alkaloids. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Sodium  borate  is  antiseptic,  astringent 
and  detergent  and  is  used  both  externally  and  sometimes 
internally  in  the  form  of  solution.  The  continuous  ingestion 
of  small  doses  produces  a  deleterious  effect.  Moderate  to 
large  doses  may  cause  nephritis.  Very  large  doses  cause 
gastro-enteritis,  nephritis,  skin  eruptions,  visual  disturb- 
ances. fall  of  temperature,  collapse  and  a  wide-spread  fatty 
degeneration.  It  is  used  in  from  1  to  2  per  cent,  solution 
HS  an  eye-wash  in  hyperemia  of  the  conjunctiva  and 
catarrhal  conjunctivitis. 

For  this  purpose  the  following  formula  is  very  serviceable: 

R      Sod.  boratis.      .  .............  j  5  gr.  x 

Aq.   camph  ................        10  3  ii 

Aq.  dest.  ad  ...............        25  j  3  j 


It  is  sometimes  used  as  an  antipruritic  solution: 

g 
5  j 


Sodii    boratis    ..............          1  1  gr.  xv 

Glycerin!  ...................          06  nix 

Aquae  ......................        30 


ji«_iu«n.; jj  j 

DOSAGE:  0.5  gm.  or  7^/y  grains.  It  may  be  used  as  a 
gargle. 

Sodii  Bromidum. — Sodium  Bromide,  U.  S.  P.,  NaBr. 

PROPERTIES  :  Sodium  bromid  occurs  as  colorless  or  white, 
cubical  crystals,  or  a  white,  granular  powder,  odorless,  and  hav- 
ing a  saline,  slightly  bitter  taste.  It  is  freely  soluble  in  water 
(1  :2)  and  soluble  in  alcohol  (1 :12.5). 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Sodium  bromid  is  used  as  a  nerve 
sedative  and  cerebral  depressant  and  in  ordinary  doses  its 
action  and  uses  are  identical  with  potassium  bromid,  but  it 
is  said  to  be  less  irritating.  See  Potassium  Bromid. 

DOSAGE:  1  gm.  or  15  grains.  It  is  administered  in 
dilute  aqueous  solution. 

Sodii  Cacodylas. — Sodium  Cacodylate,  N.  N.  R. 

Also  known  as  sodium  dimethylarsenate.  It  is  the  sodium 
salt  of  cacodylic  acid  (dimethyl  arsenic  acid). 

PROPERTIES  :  Sodium  cacodylate  occurs  as  a  white  powder,  very, 
soluble  in  water.  The  aqueous  solution  is  alkaline  toward  lit- 
mus paper,  but  nearly  neutral  toward  phenolphthalein. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  The  action  of  sodium  cacodylate  is 
similar  to  other  arsenic  compounds,  but  it  is  said  to  be  much 
less  toxic  than  the  ordinary  preparations  of  arsenic  and  is 
also  less  apt  to  cause  undesirable  side  effects.  This  superi- 
ority is  due  to  the  slow  liberation  of  the  arsenous  acid  in 
the  body. 


130  USEFUL     DRUGS 

The  cacodylate  has  been  particularly  recommended  in 
obstinate  psoriasis,  pseudoleukemia,  diabetes,  anemia, 
chlorosis,  tuberculosis,  malarial  cachexia,  etc. 

As  it  is  sometimes  decomposed  in  the  stomach,  it  is  pref- 
erable to  give  it  hypodermically. 

DOSAGE:  0.03  gm.  or  y2  grain.  It  may  be  administered 
hypodermically  in  aqueous  solution  or  given  by  mouth  in 
elixir  or  in  the  form  of  pills. 

Sodii    Carbonas    Monohydratus. — Monohydrated    Sodium    Car- 
bonate, U.  S.  P.,  Na2C03H20. 

The  form  in  which  sodium  carbonate  is  .now  official. 

PROPERTIES  :  Monohydrated  sodium  carbonate  should  contain 
not  less  than  85  per  cent,  of  anhydrous  sodium  carbonate 
(Is'a2CO3).  It  occurs  as  a  white,  crystalline,  granular  powdor, 
odorless  and  having  a  strongly  alkaline  taste.  It  is  freely  soluble 
in  water  (1 :  2.9)  and  practically  insoluble  in  alcohol.  Sodium 
carbonate,  as  now  official,  contains  but  one  molecule  of  water  of 
crystallization,  and  is  nearly  twice  as  strong  in  alkaline  power 
as  the  ordinary  crystalline  carbonate,  Na2CO3l2H2O,  commonly 
known  as  "sal  soda." 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :  Sodium  carbonate  is  incompatible 
with  acids  and  acid  salts  and  with  the  salts  of  the  heavy 
metals  and  of  alkaloids. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Sodium  carbonate  is  an  antacid  and 
is  employed  in  medicine  chiefly  in  the  preparation  of  alkaline 
baths.  For  this  purpose  it  may  be  used  in  the  proportion 
of  from  2  to  6  ounces  for  30  gallons  of  water. 

DOSAGE:    0.25  gm.  or  4  grains. 

Sodii  Chloridum. — Sodium  Chloride,  U.    S.   P.,   Common   Salt, 
NaCl. 

PROPERTIES  :  Sodium  chlorid  occurs  as  a  colorles  or  white  crys- 
talline powder,  odorless  and  having  a  purely  saline  taste.  It  is 
freely  soluble  in  water  (1 :  2.8)  and  nearly  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Sodium  chlorid  is  incompatible  with 
salts  of  silver  and  lead. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Sodium  chlorid  is  used  for  preparing 
physiologic  salt  solution:  9  gm.  to  1,000  c.c.  of  sterile  water. 
This  solution  is  frequently  referred  to  as  normal  salt  solu- 
tion, but  should  not  be  confused  with  the  chemical  normal 
solution  of  sodium  chlorid.  When  given  by  mouth  in  large 
doses  sodium  chlorid  is  emetic,  and,  in  proper  dilution,  a 
prompt  laxative. 

DOSAGE:  As  an  emetic,  16  gm.  or  240  grains.  As  a  laxa- 
tive it  is  most  conveniently  given  in  1  per  cent,  solution. 
The  dose,  4  gm.  or  60  grains,  should  be  dissolved  in  from  0.5 
to  1  liter  ( from  1  to  2  pints )  of  water  and  drunk  on  an 
empty  stomach. 

Sodii  Hydroxidum. — Sodium  Hydroxide,  U.  S.  P.,  NaOH. 

PROPERTIES  :  Sodium  hydroxid  should  contain  not  less  than 
95  per  cent,  of  NaOH  and  not  more  than  2  per  cent,  of  other 
inorganic  substances,  with  the  exception  of  water.  It  occurs  as 
dry,  white  or  nearly  white  flakes,  fused  masses  or  translucent  or 


USEFUL     DRUGS  131 

opaque  white  pencils,  odorless,  and  having  a  caustic  taste.  Great 
caution  is  necessary  in  tasting  and  handling  it,  as  it  rapidly 
destroys  organic  tissue.  It  is  very  soluble  in  water  (1  :1)  and  -iu 
alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Sodium  hydroxid  has  properties  closely 
resembling  those  of  potassium  hydroxid.  It  is  used  chiefly 
for  pharmaceutical  purposes,  though  occasionally  it  is  used 
locally  as  a  caustic  oi-  in  dilute  solution  as  an  alkaline  wash. 
Solution  of  sodium  hydroxid  largely  diluted  has  also  been 
administered  internally. 

Liquor    Sodii    Hydroxidi. — Solution    of    Sodium    Hydroxide. 

U.  S.  P. 

An  aqueous  solution  containing  about  5  per  cent,  of  sodium 
hydroxid,  NaOH. 

DOSAGE:   1  c.c.  or  15  minims. 

Sodii   lodidum. — Sodium   Iodide,   U.   S.   P.,   Nal. 

PROPERTIES  :  Sodium  iodid  occurs  as  colorless,  cubic  crystals, 
or  as  a  white,  crystalline  powder,  odorless  and  having  a  saline 
and  slightly  bitter  taste.  It  is  very  soluble  in  water  (1  :0.5) 
and  freely  soluble  in  alcohol  (1  :3). 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Sodium  iodid  is  incompatible  with 
spirit  of  nitrous  ether,  bismuth  salts,  ferric  salts,  and  the 
salts  of  many  alkaloids. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Sodium  iodid  has  properties  closely 
resembling  those  of  potassium  iodid,  and  like  sodium  bromid 
is  perhaps  less  irritating  than  the  potassium  salt. 

DOSAGE:  0.5  gm.  or  7y2  grains.  For  ordinary  cases  the 
dose  may  range  from  0.3  to  1.25  gm.  or  from  5  to  20  grains. 
When  employed  for  the  energetic  treatment  of  tertiary 
syphilis  it  is  sometimes  necessary  to  increase  the  dose  to 
from  2  to  5  gm.  or  from  30  to  75  grains  or  more.  It  should 
not  be  given  on  an  empty  stomach  but  should  be  administered 
with  some  form  of  food,  preferably  liquid,  such  as  milk. 

Sodii  Nitris.— Sodium  Nitrite,  U.  S.  P.,  NaN02 

PROPERTIES  :  Sodium  nitrite  should  contain  not  less  than  90 
per  cent,  of  NaNO2.  It  occurs  as  white,  or  nearly  white,  opaque, 
fused  masses  or  pencils,  or  colorless,  transparent  crystals  which 
are  odorless  and  have  a  mild  saline  taste.  It  is  freely  soluble  in 
water  (1  :1.1)  and  very  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  It  is  incompatible  with  oxidizing 
agents  generally.  It  must  be  protected  from  contact  with 
the  air  on  account  of  its  tendency  to  oxidation. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Sodium  nitrite  has  the  characteristic 
properties  of  the  nitrites,  and  resembles  nitroglycerin  in  its 
action,  though  its  effect  is  manifested  more  slowly  and  is 
somewhat  more  lasting. 

DOSAGE:  0.065  gm.  or  1  grain.  It  should  be  administered 
in  solution. 

Sodii  Phosphas.— Sodium  Phosphate,  U.  S.  P.,  Na2HP04,12H,O.  . 


132  USEFUL     DRUGS 

PROPERTIES  :  Sodium  phosphate  occurs  as  large,  colorless,  mono- 
clinic  prisms,  or  a  granular,  crystalline  salt,  odorless,  and  having 
a  cooling  saline  taste.  It  is  freely  soluble  in  water  (1  :5.5),  but 
practically  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Sodium  phosphate  is  used  as  a  saline 
cathartic,  and  its  mode  of  action  has  much  in  common  with 
magnesium  sulphate  and  sodium  sulphate.  It  is  less  dis- 
agreeable, but  is  less  active.  The  acid  phosphate  NaH2P04 
is  used  for  the  purpose  of  rendering  the  urine  acid.  When 
the  official  phosphate  is  used  for  this  purpose  the  equivalent 
amount  of  an  acid,  such  as  dilute  hydrochloric  or  phosphoric, 
may  be  administered  at  the  same  time  to  convert  it  into  the 
acid  sodium  phosphate. 

DOSAGE:  2  gm.  or  30  grains  dissolved  in  warm  water.  To 
render  urine  acid,  from  1  to  2  gm.  or  from  15  to  30  grains 
of  acid  sodium  phosphate  may  be  given  every  two  or  three 
hours,  for  five  or  ten  doses  until  the  urine  is  acid. 

It  may  also  be  administered  in  liquid  form  by  adding 
4  parts  of  sodium  nitrate,  13  parts  of  citric  acid  and  a  little 
water  to  100  parts  of  sodium  phosphate. 

Sodii    Phosphas    Effervescens.  —  Effervescent    Sodium    Phos- 
phate, U.  S.  P. 

A  mixture  of  exsiccated  sodium  phosphate,  sodium  bicar- 
bonate, tartaric  acid  and  citric  acid,  representing  approxi- 
mately 50  per  cent,  of  sodium  phosphate  described  above. 

DOSAGE:    8  gm.  or  120  grains. 


Sodii  Salicylas.—  Sodium  Salicylate,  U.  S.  P., 

PROPERTIES:  Sodium  salicylate  occurs  as  white  microcrystal 
line  powder  or  scales,  or  as  an  amorphous,  white  powder,  having 
not  more  than  a  faint  pink  tinge,  odorless,  and  having-  a  sweetish 
saline  taste.  It  is  very  soluble  in  water  (1  :  0.8)  and  freely 
soluble  in  alcohol  (1:5.5). 

iNcmtPATiBiLiTiES  :  Sodium  salicylate  is  incompatible 
with  acids  and  acid  salts  and  with  solutions  of  most 
alkaloids,  notably  quinin,  which  precipitates  as  the  salicylate. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Sodium  salicylate  is  the  salt  which 
is  usually  employed  to  secure  the  constitutional  effects  of 
salicylic  acid.  It  is  slightly  antiseptic,  but  not  so  much  as 
the  free  acid.  It  is  irritant  to  mucous  membranes,  and  on 
an  empty  stomach  may  cause  pain  and  in  large  doses  may 
produce  vomiting.  Large  therapeutic  doses  produce  a  ringing 
in  the  ears,  nausea,  sometimes  vomiting,  occasional  sweating 
and  an  increase  in  the  amount  of  urine.  It  increases  nitrog- 
enous metabolism,  and  an  increased  amount  of  uric  acid  is 
excreted  in  the  urine.  In  very  large  doses  it  may  produce 
depression  of  the  central  nervous  system,  rarely  convulsions, 
a  slowing  and  depression  of  the  respiration,  and  collapse 
from  depression  of  the  circulation.  Large  doses  may  produce 
abortion,  and  hence  the  drug  is  contra-indicated  in  pregnancy. 

Sodium  salicylate  is  an  analgetic  and  is  sometimes  admin- 
istered for  the  relief  of  headache  or  of  neuralgic  pains.  It  is 
chiefly  used  for  its  effect  in  articular  rheumatism  in  which 


USEFUL     DRUGS  133 

it  is  highly  efficacious.  It  promptly  relieves  all  the  local 
"joint  symptoms  and  the  fever,  but  does  not  affect  the  endo- 
carditis. Its  effects  last  only  while  the  medication  is  kept  up. 
It  is  useful  in  tonsillitis  and  other  catarrhal  inflammations, 
but  has  not  the  decided  action  in  the  ordinary  infections 
that  it  has  in  rheumatic  fever.  It  is  used  in  chorea.  It 
stimulates  the  secretion  of  bile. 

It  produces  much  benefit  in  some  forms  of  eye  diseases, 
such  as  iritis,  keratitis  or  glaucoma.  It  is  of  no  value  in 
gonorrhea!  arthritis  or  in  arthritis  deformans.  It  is  of  little 
value  in  gout. 

DOSAGE:  1  gm.  or  15  grains.  The  more  efficient  method 
it  to  repeat  this  dose  every  hour  until  salicylism  occurs 
and  then  three  times  daily.  It  should  be  given  in  solution, 
but  is  sometimes  administered  in  the  form  of  powder  inclosed 
in  capsules  or  cachets,  and  followed  by  a  sufficient  amount 
of  water  to  dilute  it  well  in  the  stomach. 

Sodii    Sulphas.— Sodium    Sulphate,    U.    S.    P.,    Na.SOJOILO. 
Popularly  known  as  Glauber's  Salt. 

PROPERTIES  :  Sodium  sulphate  occurs  as  large,  colorless  prisms 
or  granular  crystals,  odorless  and  haying  a  bitter  saline  taste.  It 
is  freely  soluble  in  water  (1:3)  and  practically  insoluble  in 
alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Sodium  sulphate  has  long  been  used 
as  a  saline  cathartic,  but  is  less  popular  than  magnesium 
sulphate  or  sodium  phosphate. 

DOSAGE:     16  gm.  or  240  grains. 

Sodii  Sulphis.— Sodium  Sulphite,  U.  S.  P.,  Na2S08,  7H20. 

PROPERTIES  :  Sodium  sulphite  occurs  as  colorless,  transparent 
crystals,  odorless  and  having  a  cooling,  saline,  sulphurous  taste. 
It  is  freely  soluble  in  water  (1:2).  but  nearly  insoluble  in 
alcohol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :    It  is  incompatible  with  mineral  acids. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Sodium  sulphite  is  antiseptic  and  is 
principally  used  externally  as  a  wash. 

DOSAGE:  It  may  be  applied  to  the  skin  in  parasitic  skin 
diseases  like  scabies  and  favus  in  a  solution  of  the  strength 
of  1:10  or  1  dram  to  the  ounce.  A  similar  solution  may 
be  used  as  a  mouth  wash  in  aphthous  stomatitis,  mucous 
patches,  or  ulcers  of  the  tonsils. 

Sodii    Thiosulphas—  Sodium    Thiosulphate,    U.    S.    P.     (Sodii 
Hyposulphis,  Pharm.  1890),  Na2S2Os5H20. 

PROPERTIES  :  Sodium  thiosulphate  occurs  as  colorless,  trans- 
parent monoclinic  prisms,  odorless  and  having  a  cooling,  after- 
ward bitter  taste.  It  is  very  soluble  in  water  (1  :05)  and  prac- 
tically insoluble  in  alcohol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Sodium  thiosulphate  is  incompatible 
with  acids,  iodin  and  chlorin.  It  dissolves  insoluble  salts  of 
silver. 


134  USEFUL     DRUGS 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Sodium  thiosulphate  is  used  exter- 
nally, in  the  form  of  a  lotion,  as  an  application  for  ring- 
worm and  other  parasitic  skin  diseases.  It  is  extensively 
used  in  photography  and  has  been  given  internally  in  place 
or  sodium  sulphite.  It  may  be  used  to  remove  stains  of 
iodin,  silver  nitrate,  etc. 

DOSAGE:  1  gm.  or  15  grains.  It  may  be  used  in  aqueous 
solution  or  ointment  of  10  per  cent,  strength  or  1  dram  to 
the  ounce. 

Sparteinae   Sulphas. — Sparteine   Sulphate,  U.    S.   P. 

The  sulphate  of  an  alkaloid  obtained  from  scoparius. 

PROPERTIES  :  Spartein  sulphate  occurs  as  colorless  crystals,  or  a 
crystalline  powder,  odorless,  and  having  a  slightly  saline  and 
somewhat  bitter  taste.  It  is  freely  soluble  in  water  (1 :1)  and 
in  alcohol  (1 :  2.5). 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Spartein  has  very  little  action  on  the 
central  nervous  system  and  experimentally,  at  least,  has  no 
pronounced  action  on  the  heart.  It  slows  and  weakens  the 
heart.  It  is  not  a  substitute  for  digitalis  and  apparently 
is  of  little  use.  It  is  not  diuretic,  but  scoparius  possesses 
this  action  from  the  scoparin  which  it  contains. 

DOSAGE:  The  dosage  is  variously  given.  The  dose  given 
by  the  Pharmacopeia  is  0.01  gm.  or  1/5  grain.  Others 
recommend  doses  as  high  as  0.1  gm.  or  li/2  grains.  It  may 
be  administered  in  the  form  of  solution,  powder  or  pill. 

SPIRITUS— SPIRITS 

Spirits  are  alcoholic  solutions  of  volatile  substances;  either 
gases,  liquids  or  solids. 

For  preparations  included  in  this  list  see: 
Spiritus  Aetheris,  under  Aether. 
Spiritus  Aetheris  Compositus,  under  Aether. 
Spiritus  Aetheris  Nitrosi,  under  Aether  Nitrosus. 
Spiritus  Ammoniac  Aromaticus,  under  Ammonia. 
Spiritus  Camphorae,  under  Camphora. 
Spiritus  Cliloroformi.  under  Chloroformum. 
Spiritus  Glycerylis  Nitratis,  under  Glycerylis  Nitras. 
Spiritus  Menthae  Piperitae,  under  Mentha  Piperita. 

Stramonium. — Stramonium,  U.  S.  P. 

The  dried  leaves  of  Datura  Stramonium.  Now  seldom 
used  in  medicine  except  as  an  ingredient  in  so-called  asthma 
powders  for  smoking .  Its  constituents  and  action  are 
similar  to  those  of  belladona. 

Strophanthinum. — Strophanthin,  U.  S.  P. 

A  glucosid.  or  mixture  of  glucosids.  obtained  from  stro- 
phanthus. 

PROPERTIES  :  Strophanthin  occurs  as  a  white  or  faintly  yellow- 
ish powder,  having  an  intensely  bitter  taste.  Because  of  its 


USEFUL     DRUGS  135 

toxicity  great  caution  should  be  used  in  tasting  it.  It  is  very 
soluble  in  water  and  in  diluted  alcohol,  but  less  soluble  in  abso- 
lute alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Strophanthin  is  used  like  digitalis.  It 
acts  more  rapidly  and  is  excreted  sooner  and  hence  is 
regarded  as  preferable  for  administration  in  acute  conditions 
and  in  emergencies.  It  is  not  readily  absorbed  from  the 
gastro-intestinal  tract;  hence  its  oral  use  is  not  recom- 
mended. 

DOSAGE:  0.0003  gm.  or  1/200  grain.  It  is  best  admin- 
istered intramuscularly  or  intravenously,  only  a  single  dose 
being  given  daily,  as  a  rule. 

Strophanthus. — Strophanthus,  U.  S.  P. 

The     ripe     seed     of     Strophanthus     Kombe.      Occasionally 
administered  in  the  form  of  powder. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Strophanthus  and  tincture  of  stro- 
phanthus  have  properties  similar  to  those  of  the  glucosid 
strophanthin,  though  the  therapeutic  results  from  the  admin- 
istration of  Strophanthus  by  mouth  are  more  variable  than 
the  results  obtained  from  the  hypodermic  or  intravenous 
administration  of  strophanthin. 

Tinctura   Strophanthi. — Tincture   of   Strophanthus,  U.   S.   P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  represent  10  gm.  Strophanthus  in  approx- 
imately 65  per  cent,  of  alcohol.  It  is  nearly  identical  with 
the  international  standard  tincture  of  Strophanthus. 

DOSAGE:  0.5  c.c.  or  8  minims.  For  intramuscular  or  intra- 
venous injection  a  much  smaller  dose  should  be  given,  not 
more  than  0.12  c.c.  or  2  minims,  as  a  rule. 

Strychnina. — Strychnine,   U.    S.   P. 

An  alkaloid  obtained  from  nux  vomica,  and  also  obtainable 
from  other  plants  of  the  Loganiaceae. 

PROPERTIES  :  Strychnin  occurs  as  colorless,  transparent  crys- 
tals or  a  white  crystalline  powder,  odorless  and  having  an 
intensely  bitter  taste.  It  is  very  slightly  soluble  in  water 
(1:6400)  and  soluble  in  alcohol  (1:110). 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  The  salts  of  strychnin  are  incompati- 
ble with  alkalies,  alkali  carbonates,  iodids,  bromids,  arsen- 
atcs  and  arsenites. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Strychnin  stimulates  the  reflex  activ- 
ity of  the  spinal  cord,  but  produces  little  or  no  effect  on 
the  higher  nervous  centers.  Both  the  sensory  and  motor 
centers  are  affected.  Small  doses  increase  the  acuity  of 
both  sight  and  hearing.  Large  doses  raise  the  blood-pressure 
by  causing  a  constriction  of  the  arterioles.  It  seems  to  have 
little  direct  effect  on  the  heart.  It  stimulates  the  respira- 
tory center,  increasing  the  rapidity  of  the  respirations.  In 
poisonous  doses  it  produces  tonic  convulsions  similar  to  those 
of  tetanus,  but  the  trismus  is  less  marked.  Between  the 
attacks  there  is  usually  complete  relaxation  of  the  affected 


136  USEFUL     DRUGS 

muscles.  The  convulsions  are  spinal,  but  not  cerebral  in 
origin.  Death  may  occur  during  a  convulsion  from  fixation 
of  the  chest  by  spasm  of  the  respiratory  muscles  or  during 
the  interval  from  medullary  paralysis. 

Strychnin  is  used  as  a  bitter  tonic,  generally  in  the  form 
of  a  preparation  of  nux  vomica.  It  is  also  serviceable  as 
a  tonic  to  the  muscular  system.  It  is  chiefly  employed  as  a 
respiratory  stimulant  in  cases  of  depression  of  the  respira- 
tory center  by  narcotic  or  other  poisoning.  It  is  used  for 
this  purpose  in  several  diseases  of  the  respiratory  organs, 
such  as  bronchitis,  especially  senile,  pneumonia,  etc. 

Strychnin  is  much  employed  as  a  heart  tonic,  but  in  many 
cases  improperly.  It  acts  as  a  heart  tonic  chiefly  by  raising 
the  blood-pressure.  It  should  be  used  for  its  cardiac  effect, 
if  at  all,  in  conditions  of  low  blood-pressure.  Thus  it  may 
be  employed  in  pneumonia,  diphtheria  and  other  infections 
in  which  death  results  from  the  lowered  blood-pressure.  Even 
in  these  conditions  its  utility  has  been  overestimated.  It 
has  been  recommended  in  conditions  of  shock  and  collapse, 
but  in  the  experience  of  some  it  is  not  effective  in  these 
conditions  ( Crile ) . 

Strychnin  is  serviceable  in  some  forms  of  paralysis.  It 
is  of  no  value  when  the  paralysis  results  from  an  organic 
lesion  and  should  not  be  used  in  conditions  of  inflammation 
of  the  nerve  centers.  It  may  be  employed  in  paralysis  due 
to  poisons,  such  as  lead,  and  in  postdiphtheric  paralysis.  It 
is  also  of  value  in  paralysis  due  to  the  cortical  lesions,  if 
used  in  moderate  doses,  to  maintain  the  nutrition  of  the 
paralyzed  muscles.  In  incontinence  of  urine,  due  to  paresis 
of  the  vesical  sphincter,  it  is  useful,  but  if  the  incontinence 
depends  on  spasm  atropin  is  more  serviceable.  Strychnin  is 
useful  in  amblyopia,  acting  best  in  disturbance  of  vision 
unattended  by  changes  visible  with  the  ophthalmoscope, 
especially  hysteric  and  neurasthenic  forms.  In  lesions  of  the 
optic  nerve  it  frequently  produces  an  improvement  in  vision 
which,  however,  is  only  temporary.  It  is  used  in  acute  and 
chronic  alcoholism.  It  is  added  to  cathartics  in  the  treat- 
ment of  chronic  constipation. 

DOSAGE:  From  0.0005  to  0.005  gm.  or  from  1/100  -to  1/10 
grain,  three  times  a  day  or  even  as  often  as  once  in  three 
hours. 

In  threatening  respiratory  or  cardiac  paralysis,  strychnin 
must  sometimes  be  used  in  quite  large  doses.  In  these  cases 
it  has  been  advised  to  push  the  remedy  until  twitching  of  the 
finger-tips  occurs.  Too  large  doses,  however,  should  not  be 
given,  as  it  is  possible  to  bring  about  a  strychnin  paralysis 
of  the  respiratory  center.  In  such  cases  the  strychnin  should 
always  be  given  hypodermically.  In  cardiac  failure,  strych- 
nin, if  given  too  frequently  or  in  too  large  doses,  may  do 
more  harm  than  good  by  causing  irritability  »f  the  heart. 
In  toxic  amblyopia  it  is  sometimes  desirable  to  use  large 
doses.  It  has  been  recommended  to  give  as  nluch  as  1/13 
grain  per  day  (Nagel). 


USEFUL     DRUGS  137 

Strychninae    Nitras. — Strychnine   Nitrate,    U.    S.    P. 

PROPERTIES  :  Strychnin  nitrate  occurs  as  colorless,  needle- 
shaped  crystals,  odorless,  and  having  an  intensely  bitter  taste. 
It  is  soluble  in  water  (1  :42)  and  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol 
(1:120). 

DOSAGE:      0.001  gm.  or  I/GO  grain. 

Strychninae   Sulphas. — Strychnine   Sulphate,    U.    S.   P. 

PROPERTIES  :  Strychnin  sulphate  occurs  as  colorless  or  white 
prismatic  crystals,  or  a  white  crystalline  powder,  odorless,  and 
having  an  intensely  bitter  taste.  Soluble  in  water  (1  :31)  and  in 
alcohol  (1  :65). 

DOSAGE:    0.001  gm.  or  I/GO  grain. 
Sulphonal. — See  under  Sulphonmethanum. 

Sulphonethylmethanum.— Sulphonethylmethane,  U.  S.  P.,  Tri- 
onal. 

Official  in  most  foreign  pharmacopeias,  and  usually  pre- 
scribed in  this  country  as  trional.  Chemically,  it  is  diethyl- 
sulphonemethylethylmethane. 

PROPERTIES  :  Sulphonethylmethane  occurs  as  colorless,  odor- 
less, crystalline  scales,  which  have  a  bitter  taste  in  aqueous  solu- 
tion. It  is  slightly  soluble  in  water  (1:195)  and  freely  soluble 
in  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Sulphonethylmethane  is  a  hypnotic, 
producing,  in  ordinary  doses,  no  other  symptoms  than  sleep. 
The  sleep  comes  on  in  about  an  hour  after  the  medicine  is 
taken,  and  is  usually  quiet.  In  some  cases  the  sleep  is 
not  secured  until  the  next  day. 

Sulphonethylmethane.  when  repeatedly  taken,  may  pro- 
duce poisoning  in  which  hematoporphyrin  appears  in  the 
urine,  giving  it  a  pinkish  tinge  or  red  color.  The  con- 
tinued use  of  the  remedy  may  lead  to  the  formation  of  a 
habit.  In  addition  to  the  excretion  of  hematoporphyrin  in 
the  urine  there  are  lassitude,  weakness,  nausea  and  gastro- 
intestinal disturbance  as  shown  by  diarrhea  and  constipa  • 
tion.  More  serious  symptoms  then  develop,  including 
abdominal  tenderness,  violent  vomiting,  ataxia,  paresis  of 
various  muscles,  loss  of  reflexes,  and  finally  a  condition  of 
profound  collapse.  This  condition  ends  in  death  in  about 
75  per  cent,  of  the  cases.  There  is  a  nephritis  which  involves 
the  glomeruli  and  may  be  hemorrhagic  in  character. 

Trional  is  used  as  a  hypnotic  in  insomnia,  but  is  of  little 
use  when  the  insomnia  is  accompanied  by  severe  pain.  It  is 
also  recommended  as  an  antispasmodic  in  epilepsy,  hiccough, 
chorea,  etc. 

DOSAGE:  1  gm.  or  15  grains.  Owing  to  its  sparing  solu- 
bility, it  should  be  given  with  large  quantities  of  hot  liquids. 
It  should  not  be  used  for  more  than  two  or  three  days  con- 
secutively. After  this  time  recourse  should  be  had  to  other 
hypnotics,  if  necessary.  The  possible  appearance  of  hema- 
toporphyrin, as  indicated  by  pink  color  in  the  urine,  should 
be  watched  for  and  the  remedy  suspended  on  its  occurrence, 
but  it  is  then  often  too  late. 


138  USEFUL     DRUGS 

Sulphonmethanum. — Sulphonmethane,  U.  S.  P. 

Usually  prescribed  in  this  country  as  sulphonal.  Chem- 
ically, it  is  diethylsulphonedimethylmethane. 

PROPERTIES  :  Sulphonmethane  occurs  as  colorless,  inodorous 
and  nearly  tasteless  crystals  or  a  crystalline  powder,  slightly 
soluble  in  water  (1:360),  but  soluble  in  alcohol  (1:47). 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Sulphonmethane,  or  sulphonal,  is  hyp- 
notic and  sedative.  See  Sulphonethylmethane.  It  acts  more 
slowly  than  trional  and  is  best  given  about  5  p.  m. 

DOSAGE:    1  gm.  or  15  grains,  given  in  a  hot  liquid. 

Sulphur. — Sulphur. 

Sulphur  is  official  in  the  U.  S.  Pharmacopeia  under  three 
headings : 

Sulphur  Lotum—  Washed  Sulphur,  U.  S.  P. 

Sulphur  Praecipitatum. — Precipitated  Sulphur,  U.  S.  P. 

Sulphur  Sublimatum. — Sublimed  Sulphur,  U.  S.  P. 

PROPERTIES  :  Sulphur  in  any  of  the  foregoing  forms  should 
contain  from  99  to  99.5  per  cent,  of  pure  sulphur.  It  is  a  fine 
yellow  powder,  the  sublimed  variety  having  a  slight  odor  and  a 
faintly  acid  taste.  The  other  varieties  are  without  odor  or  taste 
and  all  are  practically  insoluble  in  water  or  in  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Sulphur  becomes  active  in  the  intes- 
tines and  on  the  skin  by  a  partial  conversion  into  hydrogen 
sulphid  or  other  sulphids.  These  products  are  slightly  anti- 
septic and  are  irritant,  so  that  sulphur  becomes  a  mild  pur- 
gative. 

Sulphur  is  used  externally  as  a  parasiticide  in  cases  of 
scabies.  It  is  used  to  produce  sulphur  dioxid  for  room 
disinfection  by  burning  it  in  the  proportion  of  3  pounds  of 
sulphur  to  each  thousand  cubic  feet  of  air  space.  All  sur- 
faces and  articles  to  be  disinfected  should  be  wet. 

DOSAGE:    Each  form,  4  gm.  or  60  grains. 

Unguentum  Sulphuris. — Sulphur  Ointment,  U.  S.  P. 

A  mixture  of  washed  sulphur  (15  gm.)  with  benzoinated 
lard  (85  gm.). 

SUPPOSITORIA— SUPPOSITORIES 

Suppositories  are  solid  bodies  intended  to  be  introduced 
into  the  several  natural  orifices  of  the  body  for  the  purpose 
of  producing  systemic  or  local  effects. 

.  For   the   preparation    included   in   this   list   see : 

Suppositoria  Glycerini,  under  Glycerinum. 

Suppositories  are  usually  made  with  oil  of  theobroma 
as  a  base.  Rectal  suppositories  should  be  cone-shaped  and 
should  weight  about  2  gm.  or  30  grains. 

Supracapsulin,    Suprarenalin,    L-Suprarenin     Synthetic.  —  See 
Epinephrin. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  13!) 

SYRUPI— SYKUPS 

Syrups  are  strong  solutions  of  sugar  and  water  with  or 
without  the  addition  of  active  medicaments. 

For  preparations  included  in  this  list  see: 

Syrupus,  under  Saccharum. 

Syrupus  Ferri  lodidi,  under  Ferri  lodidum. 

Syrupus  Ipecacuanhae,  under  Ipecacuanha. 

Syrupus    Pruni   Virginianae,   under   Prunus   Virgiiiiana. 

Syrupus  Rhei  Aromaticus,  under  Rheum. 

Syrupus  Sarsaparillae  Compositus,  under  Sarsaparilla. 

Syrupus  Scillae,  under  Scilla. 

Syrupus  Sennae,  under  Senna. 

Syrupus  Tolutanus,  under  Balsamum  Tolutanum. 

TABELLAE— TABLET-TRITURATES— COMPRESSED 

TABLETS 

Tablet-triturates  are  small  disks  made  by  diluting  pow- 
dered medicaments  with  powdered  sugar  of  milk  or  with 
powdered  sugar,  moistening  the  powder  with  sufficient  alco- 
hol to  make  u  paste,  and  pressing  into  suitable  molds.  Com- 
pressed tablets  are  medicinal  substances  or  mixtures  of  sub- 
stances compressed  to  the  form  of  disks. 

Tannalbin. — See  under  Acidum  Tannicum. 

Terebinthina. — Turpentine,  U.  S.  P. 

A  concrete  oleoresin  obtained  from  Pinus  palustris. 

Oleum  Terebinthinae.— Oil   of  Turpentine,  U.    S.   P. 
A  volatile  oil  recently  distilled  from  turpentine. 

PROPERTIES  :  Oil  of  turpentine  occurs  as  a  thin  colorless  liquid, 
having  a  characteristic  odor  and  taste,  both  of  which  become 
stronger  and  less  pleasant  by  age  and  exposure  to  air.  Oil  of 
turpentine  is  practically  insoluble  in  water,  but  freely  soluble 
in  alcohol  (1:3),  and  *in  all  proportions  of  oil.  For  internal 
use  the  rectified  oil  of  turpentine  (oleum  terebinthinae  recti- 
ficatum)  should  be  used. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Turpentine  is  antiseptic,  anthelmintic 
and  diuretic.  Applied  externally  it  is  rubefacient  and 
counterirritant. 

Turpentine  has  been  used  as  an  expectorant  in  cases  of 
bronchitis  characterized  by  free  secretion.  For  this  purpose 
it  is  now  generally  replaced  by  terpin  hydrate.  It  is  also 
given  for  the  relief  of  flatulence  and  a  small  amount  (from 
Va  to  1  teaspoonful)  may  be  added  to  enemas  to  increase 
their  effectiveness. 

Turpentine  has  been  thought  to  be  efficient  in  cases  of 
internal  hemorrhages,  but  this  opinion  is  not  well  founded. 

DOSAGE:  1  c.c.  or  15  minims.  It  may  be  administered  in 
the  form  of  emulsion  or  in  capsules. 

Terpini  Hydras.— Terpin  Hydrate,  U.  S.  P. 

The  hydrate  of  the  diatomic  alcohol  terpin. 


140  USEFUL     DRUGS 

PROPERTIES  :  Terpin  hydrate  occurs  as  colorless,  lustrous, 
rhombic  prisms,  nearly  odorless,  and  having  a  slightly  aromatic 
and  somewhat  bitter  taste.  It  is  slightly  soluble  in  water 
(1:200)  and  freely  soluble  in  alcohol  (1:10). 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Terpin  hydrate  is  antiseptic,  diaphor- 
etic and  diuretic.  It  is  largely  used  as  an  expectorant  in 
cases  accompanied  by  free  bronchial  secretion. 

DOSAGE:  0.125  gin.  or  2  grains.  Terpin  hydrate  may  b< 
administered  in  the  form  of  powder  or  in  capsules.  As  a 
solution,  usually  in  the  form  of  elixir,  it  requires  an  exces- 
sive amount  of  alcohol. 

Tetanus  Antitoxin. — See  under  Serum  Antitetanicum. 

Theobromatis    Oleum    (Oleum    Theobromatis). — Oil    of    Theo- 
broma,  U.  S.  P. 

Popularly  known  as  cacao  butter,  a  fixed  oil  expressed 
from  the  roasted  seeds  of  theobroma  cacao. 

PROPERTIES  :  Oil  of  theobroma  occurs  as  a  yellowish-white 
solid,  having  a  faint,  agreeable  odor  and  a  bland  chocolate-like 
taste.  It  is  freely  soluble  in  ether,  chloroform  and  benzene,  solu- 
ble in  absolute  alcohol  and  insoluble  in  water. 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Oil  of  theobroma  is  used  in  pharmacy 
chiefly  for  the  making  of  suppositories.  Also  used  as  a 
lubricant  in  massage,  and  as  an  application  to  sore  nipples. 

Theobromina. — Theobromin,  N.  N.  R. 

3,7-dimethyl-xanthin,  a  base  occurring  in  Theobroma 
cacao,  and  other  drugs,  and  also  made  synthetically.  It  is 
closely  related  to  caffein  (1,3,7-trimethyl-xanthin). 

PROPERTIES  :  Theobromin  occurs  as  a  white,  crystalline  powder, 
odorless,  and  having  a  bitter  taste.  It  is  very  slightly  soluble 
in  water,  but  is  soluble  in  alcohol  (1:100). 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Theobromin  has  an  action  on  the  kid- 
neys and  heart  similar  to  that  of  caffein,  but  its  effect  on 
the  central  nervous  system  is  less  marked. 

Theobromin  is  used  as  a  diuretic  in  all  forms  of  dropsy, 
but  it  is  especially  useful  in  renal  dropsy.  It  is  non-irri- 
tating to  the  kidney. 

DOSAGE:    0.3  gm.  or  5  grains. 

Theobrominae  Sodio-Salicylas. — Theobromin  Sodium  Salicy- 
late,  N.  N.  R.,  Diuretin. 

A  double  salt  of  theobromiii-sodium  and  sodium  salicylate. 

PROPERTIES  :  Theobromin  sodium  salicylate  contains  50  per 
cent  of  theobromin  and  occurs  as  a  white  powder,  odorless  and 
having  a  saline  taste.  It  is  freely  soluble  in  water  (1:1),  but  is 
readily  decomposed  on  exposure  to  carbon  dioxid  or  by  the  action 
of  acids,  and  must  therefore  be  preserved  in  well-stoppered 
bottles. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:    Theobromin  sodium  salicylate  is  in- 
•  compatible   with   acids   and  has   the   other  incompatibilities 
of  salicylates. 

DOSAGE:    0.5  gm.  or  7%  grains,  three  times  a  day. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  141 

Thymol.— Thymol,  U.  S.  P. 

A  phenol  occurring  in  the  volatile  oil  of  Thymus  vulgaris 
and  in  some  other  volatile  oils. 

PROPERTIES  :  Thymol  occurs  as  largo,  colorless  prisms,  having 
an  aromatic,  thyme-like  odor,  and  a  pungent  aromatic  taste.  It 
is  only  very  slightly  soluble  in  water  (1:1,100),  but  very  solu- 
ble in  alcohol  (1 :0.9). 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Thymol  is  antiseptic  and  anthelmintic. 
As  an  anthelmintic  it  is  used  chiefly  for  the  destruction  of 
hookworm. 

DOSAGE:    0.1  gm.  or  2  grains. 

In  the  treatment  of  hookworm  disease  it  should  be  given 
in  as  finely  divided  state  as  possible  in  dosage  of  from  0.5 
to  4  gm.  or  from  7%  to  60  grains.  No  fats,  oils  or  alcohols 
should  be  given  at  the  same  time,  for  fear  of  absorption  of 
the  drug. 

The  dosage  may  be  regulated  according  to  age  as  follows: 
Up  to  5  years  of  age,  0.5  gm.;  up  to  10,  1  gm.;  up  to  15, 
1.5  gm.;  up  to  20,  2  gm.;  above  20,  3  to  4  gm. 

Thymolis  lodidum.— Thymol  Iodide,  U.  S.  P.,  Aristol. 

Dithymol-di-iodid,  popularly  known  as  aristol,  is  obtained 
by  the  condensation  of  two  molecules  of  thymol  and  the 
introduction  of  two  atoms  of  iodin  into  the  phenolic  groups 
of  the  thymol. 

PROPERTIES  :  Thymol  iodid  contains,  when  dried  over  sul- 
phuric acid,  45  per  cent,  of  iodin.  It  occurs  as  a  bright, 
chocolate-colored,  or  reddish-yellow,  bulky  powder,  with  a  very 
slight  aromatic  odor.  It  is  practically  insoluble  in  water  and 
nearly  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Thymol  iodid,  or  aristol,  is  antiseptic 
and  is  used  in  place  of  iodoform,  chiefly  as  a  dusting-powder. 
It  is  inferior  to  iodoform  in  antiseptic  action  and  experience 
with  it  has  been  disappointing. 

Tiglii  Oleum   ( Oleum  Tiglii ) .— Croton  Oil,  U.  S.  P. 

A  fixed  oil  expressed  from  the  seeds  of  Croton  tiglium. 

PROPERTIES  :  Croton  oil  occurs  as  a  pale  yellow  or  brownish- 
yellow,  somewhat  viscid,  and  slightly  fluorescent  liquid,  having 
a  slight,  fatty  odor,  and  a  mild,  oily,  afterward  acrid  and  burn- 
ing taste.  It  is  practically  insoluble  in  water,  but  when  fresh  is 
soluble  in  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Croton  oil  is  a  drastic  cathartic  and 
applied  externally  is  rubefacient  and  vesicant.  It  is  used 
mostly  to  procure  prompt  evacuation  of  the  bowels,  espe- 
cially in  coma. 

DOSAGE:  0.05  c.c.  or  1  minim,  given  in  olive  oil,  butter. 
etc.  It  may  be  placed  on  the  tongue  in  granulated  sugar  if 
the  patient  cannot  swallow. 

TINCTURAE— TINCTURES 

Tinctures,  with  a  few  exceptions,  are  alcoholic  or  hydro- 
alcoholic  extractive  preparations  of  vegetable  drugs;  the 


142  USEFUL     DRUGS 

tinctures  of  potent  drugs  represent  uniformly  10  gm.  of  drug 
in  100  c.c.  of  the  preparation,  while  tinctures  of  less  potent 
drugs    vary    in    strength,    but    represent    usually    20    gm. 
For  preparations  included  in  this  list  see: 

Tinctura  Aconiti,  under  Aconitum. 

Tinctura  Belladonnae  Foliorum,  under  Belladonnae  Folia. 

Tinctura  Benzoini  Composita,  under  Benzoinum. 

Tinctura  Cannabis  Indicae,  under  Cannabis  Indica. 

Tinctura  Capsici,  under  Capsicum. 

Tinctura  Cardamomi,  under  Cardamomum. 

Tinctura  Cinchonae,  under  Cinchona. 

Tinctura  Cinchonae  Composita,  under  Cinchona. 

Tinctura  Colchici  Seminis,  under  Colchici  Semen. 

Tinctura  Digitalis,  under  Digitalis. 

Tinctura  Ferri  Chloridi,  under  Ferri  Chloridum. 

Tinctura  Gentianae  Composita,  under  Gentiana. 

Tinctura  Hyoscyami,  under  Hyoscyamus. 

Tinctura  lodi,  under  lodum. 

Tinctura  Lobeliae,  under  Lobelia. 

Tinctura  Myrrhae,  under  Myrrha. 

Tinctura  Nucis  Vomicae.  under  Nux  Vomica. 

Tinctura  Opii,  under  Opium. 

Tinctura  Opii  Camphorata.  under  Opium. 

Tinctura  Opii  Deodorati,  under  Opium. 

Tinctura  Rhei  Aromatica,  under  Rheum. 

Tinctura  Scillae,  under  Scilla. 

Tinctura  Strophanthi,  under  Strophanthus. 

Tinctura  Valerianae  Ammoniata,  under  Valeriai.a. 

Tinctura  Zingiberis,  under  Zingiber. 

Tragacantha. — Tragacanth,  U.  S.  P. 

A  gummy  exudation  from  Astragalus  gummifer. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Tragacanth  swells  on  addition  of 
water  and  gradually  forms  a  cloudy  gelatinous  mass.  On 
further  addition  of  water  it  forms  a  mucilage  which  is 
occasionally  used  in  pharmacy  in  the  making  of  emulsions 
and  is  widely  used  as  a  basis  for  a  greaseless  catheter 
lubricant  and  an  application  for  chapped  skin. 

TRITURATIONES— TRITURATIONS 

Pharmacopeial  triturations  are  active  remedies  diluted 
usually  with  10  parts  of  sugar  of  milk. 

Trional. — See  under  Sulphonethylmethanum. 

TROSCHISCI— TROCHES 

Troches,  or  lozenges,  are  flat  solid  bodies  intended  to  be 
dissolved  in  the  mouth  for  their  local  effect  on  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  mouth  and  the  throat. 

Tuberculinum. — Tuberculin,  N.  N.  R. 

This  represents  the  toxins  of  the  tubercle  bacillus. 


USEFUL     DRUGS  143 

PROPERTIES  :  Tuberculin  is  marketed  in  a  variety  of  forms, 
either  as  a  filtered  extract  of  the  bacilli  or  as  the  pulverized 
insoluble  substance  of  the  dead  bacilli  themselves.  In  the  latter 
or  emulsified  form  tuberculin  is  known  as  tubercle  vaccine,  and  it 
is  closely  related  to  bacterial  vaccines  mentioned  under  Vaccina. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Tuberculin  is  used  principally  as  a 
diagnostic  agent  and  the  characteristic  properties  of  the 
trade  product  to  be  used  should  be  studied  closely  before  it 
is  employed. 

UNGUENTA— OINTMENTS 

Ointments  are  soft,  fatty  solids  of  such  consistency  that 
they  are  readily  spread  at  ordinary  temperatures.  When 
intended  for  systemic  effect  they  are  applied  by  inunction; 
ordinarily  they  are  used  as  simple  protectives. 

For  preparations  included  in  this  list  see: 
Unguentum  Acidi  Borici,  under  Acidum  Boricum. 
Unguentum  Belladonnae.  under  Belladonnae  Folia. 
Unguentum  Chrysarobini,  under  Chrysarobinum. 
Unguentum  Hydrargyri,  under  Hydrargyrum. 
Unguentum  Hydrargyri   Ammoniati,   under   Hydrargyrum 
Ammoniatum. 

Unguentum  Hydrargyri  Dilutum,  under  Hydrargyrum. 

Unguentum  Hydrargyri  Oxidi  Flavi,  under  Hydrargyri 
Oxidum  Flavum. 

Unguentum  Picis  Liquidae,  under  Pix  Liquida. 
Unguentum  Sulphuris,  under  Sulphur. 
Unguentum  Zinci  Oxidi,  under  Zinci  Oxidum. 

Urotropin. — See  under  Hexamethylenamina. 

VACCINA— BACTERIAL  VACCINES,  N.  N.   R. 

Bacterial  vaccines  are  suspensions  of  the  killed  bacteria 
in  physiologic  salt  solution.  Cresol  is  usually  added  as  a 
preservative. 

The  use  of  many  of  these  vaccines  is  in  the  experimental 
stage.  They  are  often  prepared  from  cultures  obtained  from 
the  individual  to  be  treated  (autogenous  vaccines)  ;  these 
usually  give  the  best  results,  and  some  authors  maintain 
that  "stock"  vaccines  should  be  used  only  when  it  is  imprac- 
ticable to  secure  the  autogenous  agent.  Bacterial  vaccines 
are  used  to  secure  the  production  of  an  active  immunity. 
Great  care  and  skill  are  necessary  for  their  proper  use,  and 
no  definite  statements  as  to  dosage,  etc.,  can  be  given. 

Vaccine  Virus. — See  under  Virus  Vaccinum. 

Valeriana. — Valerian,  U.  S.  P. 

The  dried  rhizome  and  roots  of  Valeriana  officinalis. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Valerian  is  thought  to  be  antispas- 
modic  and  nerve  sedative,  but  its  influence  is  largely  psychic, 
and  in  the  ammoniated  tincture  the  stimulating  effects  of 
the  aromatic  spirit  of  ammonia  no  doubt  predominate. 


144  USEFUL     DRUGS 

Tinctura  Valerianae,  Ammoniata. — Ammoniated  Tincture  of 
Valerian,  U.  S.  P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  represent  the  soluble  constituents  of  20 
gm.  of  valerian  in  aromatic  spirit  of  ammonia. 

DOSAGE:    2  c.e.  or  30  minims. 

Veronal.— N.  N.  R. 

Also  known  as  diethyl-barbituric  acid,  diethyl  malonyl 
urea  and  malourea,  is  2,4,6-trioxy-5-diethyl  pyramidin,  a 
ureid  derived  from  diethylmalonic  acid. 

PROPERTIES  :  Veronal  occurs  as  a  white,  crystalline  powder, 
odorless,  and  having  a  faint  bitter  taste.  It  is  slightly  soluble 
in  water  (1:150)  and  freely  soluble  in  alcohol  (1:8). 

ACTION  AND  USES  :  Veronal  is  quickly  absorbed,  especially 
when  it  is  given  in  solution.  In  smaller  doses  it  induces 
sleep,  apparently  without  any  other  effect.  It  is  a  rather 
slow-acting  hypnotic,  the  hypnotic  action  beginning  in  about 
half  an  hour  after  its  administration.  In  larger  doses  the 
temperature  falls  and  animals  show  marked  trembling  and 
restlessness  in  their  sleep.  A  number  of  fatalities  have 
followed  its  indiscriminate  use. 

DOSAGE:  0.3  to  0.6  gm.  or  5  to  10  grains.  It  should  never 
be  given  in  the  form  of  pills  or  tablets  lest  they  fail  to  be 
absorbed. 

Sodii    Diaethyl-Barbituras. — Sodium   diethyl-barbiturate,   N. 

N.  R. 

Also  known  as  medinal  and  veronal-sodium,  is  the  mono- 
sodium  salt  of  diethyl-barbituric  acid. 

PROPERTIES  :  Sodium  diethyl-barbiturate  occurs  as  a  white, 
crystalline  powder,  odorless,  and  having  an  objectionably  bitter 
alkaline  taste.  It  is  freely  soluble  in  water  (1:5). 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Sodium  diethyl-barbiturate,  veronal- 
sodium  or  medinal  has  the  same  properties  as  veronal,  but 
acts  more  rapidly  on  account  of  its  greater  solubility. 

DOSAGE:     0.3  to  0.6  gm.  or  5  to  10  grains. 

Viburnum  Prunifolium. — Viburnum  Pruni  folium,  U.  S.  P. 
The  dried  bark  of  the  root  of  Viburnum  prunifolium. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Viburnum  prunifolium  is  thought  to 
be  a  uterine  sedative  and  tonic.  Like  valerian,  however,  its 
action,  largely  psychic,  is  probably  due  to  its  disagreeable 
odor  and  taste. 

Fluidextractum   Viburni  Prunifolii. — Fluidextract  of  Vibur- 
num Prunifolium,  U.  S.  P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  represent  the  soluble  constituents  of  100 
gm.  Viburnum  prunifolium  in  approximately  60  per  cent, 
alcohol. 

DOSAGE:    2  c.c.  or  30  minims, 


USEFUL     DRUGS  145 

VINA— WINES 

Medicated  wines  are  solutions  of  active  medicaments  in 
wine  or  extractive  preparations  of  vegetable  drugs  made 
with  wine  as  a  menstruum.  Because  of  the  great  variation 
in  the  composition  of  wine  it  is  unsatisfactory  as  a  men- 
struum for  extracting  vegetable  drugs,  and  medicated  wines 
are  in  fact  becoming  obsolete. 

Vinum  Antimonii.  —  See  under  Antimonii  et  Potassii 
Tartras. 

Virus  Vaccinum. — Vaccine  Virus,  N.  N.  R. 

Vaccine  virus  is  the  material  obtained  from  skin  eruptions 
of  calves  having  vaccinia.  The  "pulp"  is  ground  and  mixed 
with  varying  percentages  of  glycerol.  It  is  usually  marketed 
in  capillary  tubes  or.  as  glycerinated  points. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Vaccine  virus  is  used  as  prophylactic 
against  small-pox. 

Zinci  Acetas.— Zinc  Acetate,  U.  S.  P.,  Zn(C,H302)2,  H20. 

PROPERTIES  :  Zinc  acetate  occurs  as  soft,  white,  pearly  crys- 
tals, having  a  faintly  acetous  odor,  and  in  dilute  solutions  nn 
astringent,  metallic  taste.  It  is  freely  soluble  in  water  (1  :2.5) 
and  soluble  in  alcohol  (1:36). 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Zinc  acetate  is  incompatible  with 
alkali  carbonates  or  sodium  borate. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Zinc  acetate  is  astringent  and  anti- 
septic. It  is  used  principally  in  the  form  of  solution  as  an 
external  application,  for  injection,  solution  or  collyria;  rarely 
used  internally. 

DOSAGE:    0.125  gm.  or  2  grains. 

It  may  be  used  in  collyria  in  the  proportion  of  from  0.1 
to  0.5  per  cent,  or  from  %  to  2  grains  per  ounce. 

Zinci   Chloridum.— Zinc   Chloride,  U,   S.   P.,   ZnCl,,. 

PROPERTIES  :  Zinc  chlorid  occurs  as  a  white  or  nearly  white 
granular  powder  or  in  porcelain-like  masses,  irregular  or  molded 
into  pencils,  odorless  and  of  such  intensely  caustic  properties 
as  to  make  tasting  dangerous,  unless  freely  diluted  with  water. 
The  dilute  solution  has  an  astringent  metallic  taste.  It  is  very 
soluble  in  water  (1 :0.5)  and  in  alcohol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Zinc  chlorid  is  incompatible  with 
sodium  borate  and  with  alkali  carbonates. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Zinc  chlorid  is  used  as  an  antiseptic, 
astringent  and  escharotic. 

Liquor  Zinci  Chloridi. — Solution  of  Zinc   Chloride,  U.   S.  P. 

An  aqueous  solution  containing  about  50  per  cent.,  by 
weight,  of  zinc  chlorid  made  by  dissolving  granulated  zinc 
in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Zinci  Oxidum,— Zinc  Oxide,  U.  S.  P.,  ZnO. 

PROPERTIES  :  Zinc  oxid  occurs  as  a  very  fine,  amorphous,  white 
or  yellowish-white  powder,  free  from  gritty  particles,  without 
odor  or  taste.  It  is  practically  insoluble  in  water  and  in  alcohol. 


146  USEFUL     DRUGS 

INCOMPATIBILITIES  :    Zinc  oxid  is  incompatible  with  acids. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Zinc  oxid  is  antiseptic  and  astringent 
and  is  widely  used  either  alone  or  in  combination  with  boric 
acid,  bismuth  subnitrate  and  starch  as  a  dusting-powder  and 
as  a  sedative  in  ointment  for  a  variety  of  skin  diseases. 
By  some  it  is  thought  to  be  a  nervine,  but  this  is  probably 
incorrect.  It  is  now  rarely  used  internally. 

DOSAGE:    0.25  gm.  or  4  grains. 

Unguentum  Zinci  Oxidi. — Ointment  of  Zinc  Oxid. 

A  mixture  of  zinc  oxid  (20  gm.)  with  benzoinated  lard 
(80  gm.). 

Zinci  Stearas. — Zinc  Stearate,  U.  S.  P. 

PROPERTIES  :  Zinc  stearate  occurs  as  a  very  fine,  white  powder, 
tasteless,  and  haying  a  very  faint  odor,  resembling  that  of  fat. 
It  is  practically  insoluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Zinc  stearate  is  used  as  a  dusting- 
powder,  but  appears  to  have  little  or  no  advantage  over 
Zinc  Oxid. 

Zinci  Sulphas.— Zinc  Sulphate,  U.  S.  P.,  ZnS047H20. 

PROPERTIES  :  Zinc  sulphate  occurs  as  colorless,  transparent, 
rhombic  crystals,  or  granular  crystalline  powder,  without  odor, 
and  having  an  astringent,  metallic  taste.  It  is  very  soluble  in 
water,  but  practically  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

INCOMPATIBILITIES:  Alkali  carbonates,  sodium  borate, 
tannin  and  vegetable  astringents. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Zinc  sulphate  is  astringent,  styptic 
and  emetic.  It  is  much  used  in  collyria  in  conjunctivitis 
and  is  especially  effective  in  that  form  caused  by  Morax- 
Axenfeld  bacillus.  It  is  employed  as  an  injection  in  the 
treatment  of  the  chronic  stages  of  gonorrhea. 

DOSAGE:    As  an  emetic,  2  gm.  or  30  grains. 

In  collyria  it  may  be  used  in  the  strength  of  from  0.1  to 
1.0  per  cent,  or  from  1  to  5  grains  per  ounce.  As  an  injec- 
tion in  gonorrhea  solutions  varying  in  strength,  from  0.5  to 
4  per  cent,  may  be  used. 

Zingiber.— Ginger,  U.  S.  P. 

The  dried  rhizome  of  Zingiber  officinale.  Occasionally 
administered  in  the  form  of  powder. 

ACTION  AND  USES:  Ginger  is  aromatic,  stimulant  and  a 
stomachic  tonic.  It  is  a  servicable  carminative  in  colic. 

DOSAGE:    1  gm.  or  15  grains. 

Tinctura  Zingiberis. — Tincture  of  Ginger,  U.  S.  P. 

One  hundred  c.c.  represent  the  soluble  constituents  of  20 
gm.  ginger  in  alcohol. 

DOSAGE:    2  c.c.  or  30  minims. 


TABLE    SHOWING    THE    RECORDED    SOLUBILITY 

OF    SUBSTANCES    INCLUDED    IN    THE    LIST 

OF    IMPORTANT    MEDICAMENTS 

Abbreviations  and  signs  used: 

dec.  =  decomposed;  00  =  sparingly  soluble  or  slightly 
soluble;  000  =  insoluble;  v.  s.  =  very  soluble;  misc.  = 
miscible  in  all  proportions ;  —  =  unrecorded  or  uncertain. 

The  solubility  values  are  for  distilled  water  at 
approximately  25  C.  and  for  the  official  U.  S.  P.  alcohol 
at  the  same  temperature  and  indicate  the  number  of 
parts  of  the  solvent  required  to  dissolve  1  part  of  the 
substance. 


Substance  Soluble  in — 

Acetanilidum    

Acetphenetidinum    

Acidum  Benzoicum    

Acidum  Boricum   

Acidum  Citricum    

Acidum  Hydrochloricum   

Acidum  Hydrocyanicum  Dilutum. 

Acidum  Nitricum 

Acidum  Salicylicum   

Acidum  Tannicum 

Acidum  Tartaricum 

Adeps    

.Ether    

^theris  Nitrosi,  Spiritus 

.asthylis  Chloridum   

yEthyl-Morphinae  Hydrochloridum 

Aloinum    

Alumen   

Alumen  Exslccatum    

Alumini    Acetatis,    Liquor 

Ammpnii  Acetatis,  Liquor 

Ammonii  Carbonas   

Ammonii  Chloridum    

Amylis  Nitris 

Antimonii  et  Potassii  Tartras. . . 

Antipyrlna    

Apomorphlnse    Hydrochloridum .  . . 

Argent!  Nitras 

Argent!  Protelnas 

Arseni  Trioxidum 

Aspirinum  

Atroplna    

Benzosulphinidum    

Betanaphthol    

Bismuthi  Subcarbonas   ......... 

Bismuth!   Subgallas    

Bismuthi   Subnitras    

Bismuthi  Subsalicylas    

Caffeina    

Caffeina  Citrata   

Caffelnse  Sodio-Benzoas    

Calcll    Carbonas    Prseclpitatus . .  . 

Calx     

Camphora    

Chloralum  Hydratum    

Chrom!!  Trloxidum   


Parts  of 

Parts  of 

Cold   Water. 

Cold  Alcohol. 

179 

2.5 

925 

12.0 

281 

1.8 

18 

15.3 

0.54 

misc. 

1.55 

misc. 

misc 

308 

2.0 

0.34 

0.23 

0.71 

1.67 

000 

00 

10 

misc. 

misc. 

misc. 

00 

misc. 

120 

10.50 

9 

000 

17 

000 

misc. 

misc. 

misc. 

4 

dec. 

80 

00 

misc. 

15.5 

000 

v.s. 

1 

39.5 

38.2 

0.54 

24.0 

2 

100 

00 

300 

5 

450 

1.46 

250 

25 

950 

0.61 

000 

000 

000 

000 

00 

000 

00 

45.6 

53.2 

25.0 

20.0 

2 

30 

00 

000 

760 

000 

700 

v.s. 

0.3 

0.2 

0.5 

dec. 

148 


USEFUL     DRUGS 


Substance  Soluble  in — 


Parts  of         Parts  of 
Cold  Water.  Cold  Alcohol. 

Chrysarobinum    4,812  308 

Codeina     120  1.6 

Codeinae  Phosphas    2.25  261 

Codeine   Sulphas    30  1,035 

Creosotum     140  misc. 

Cresol    60  inlsc. 

Cresolls    Compositus,    Liquor....  misc.  misc. 

Creta    Praeparata    00  000 

Cupri  Sulphas   2.2  400 

DiacetylmorphinffiHydrochloridum  2.0  11 

Elaterinum    000  262 

Epinephrina    000  00 

Ferri  Chloridum   v.s.  v.s. 

Ferri  Chlorldi.  Tinctura misc.  misc. 

Ferri    Phospnas    Solubilis v.s.  000 

Ferri   Sulphas    0.9  000 

Ferri  et  Ammonil  Cltras v.s.  000 

Ferrum    000  000 

Formaldehydi,    Liquor misc.  misc. 

Gelatinum   000  000 

Glycerinum    misc.  misc. 

Glycerylis   Nitras    000  v.s. 

Guaiacol    53  v.s. 

Guaiacolis  Carbonas   000  48 

Hexamethylenamina     1.5  10 

Homatropinse  Hydrobromidum. . .  5.7  32.5 

Hydrargyri  Chloridum  Corrosivum  13  3 

Hydrargyri  Chloridum   Mite 000  000 

Hydrargyri  lodidum   Flavum....  00  000 

Hydrargyri  lodidum  Rubrum....  00  116 

Hydrargyri   Oxidum    Flavum ....  00  000 

Hydrargyri  Salicylas   000  000 

Hydrargyrum    Ammoniatum GOO  000 

Hydrastina     00  135 

Hydrogenii  Dioxidi,  Aqua misc.  

Ichthyol misc.  

lodofbrmum     9.391  46.7 

lodum    5,000  10 

Magnesii    Carbonas    000  000 

Magnesii  Oxidum    00  000 

Majrnesii   Sulphas    1.1  000 

Menthol     00  v.s. 

Methylis   Salicylas    00  v.s. 

Morphina    3,330  168 

Morphines  Hydrochloridum 172  42 

Morphinae  Sulphas    -. . . .  15.3  465 

Pancreatinum    partly  sol.  000 

Parafflnum    000  000 

Paraldehydum     8  misc. 

Pelletierinse  Tannas    2:>>r>  12.0 

Pepslnum    50  000 

Petrolatum     000  00 

Petrolatum  Liquidum 000  00 

Phenol   19.6  v.s 

Phenol   Liquefactum    12  misc. 

Phenolphthaleinum    ...    600  10 

Phenylis   Salicylas    2,333  5 

Phosphorus     000  350 

Physostigminaa  Salicylas    72.5  12.7 

Physostigminae  Sulphas    v.s.  v.s 

Pilocarplnae    Hydrochloridum....  0.3  2.3 

Pllocarpinae  Nitras   4  60 

Pir  Ldquida    00  1 

Plumbi  Acetas 2  30 

Potassii    Acetas    0.4  2 

Potassii  Bicarbonas    3  00 

Potassii  Bitartras 200  00 

Potassii  Bromidum 1.5  180 

Potassii  Carbonas , .  0.91  000 


USEFUL     DRUGS 


UO 


Parts  of         Parts  of 
Substance  Soluble  In —  Told  Water.  Cold  Alcohol 

Potassli  Chloras   16  000 

Potassli  Citras    0.5  00 

Potassli  et  Sodii  Tartras 1.2  00 

Potassii  Hydroxidum    0.4  2 

Potassil   lodidum    0.7  12 

Potassii  Nitras   3.6  00 

Potassli  Permanganas 15  dec 

Quinina     1,550  0.6 

§uininse  Bisulphas   8.5  18 

uiniiiiB   Hydrochloridum    18  0.6 

Quininse    Sulphas    720  86 

Quininse  et  Urese  Hydrochloridum  1                     

Quininse  Tannas   800  3 

Resorcino)     0.5  v.s. 

Saccharum    0.46  137.2 

Saccharum  Lactis  4.79  000 

Santoninum    5,300  34 

Sapo    20  2r> 

Sapo  Mollis    4  1 

Scopolaminse  Hydrobromidum. . . .  1.5  16 

Salvarsan  vs.                     

Sodii  Arsanilas   6  125 

Sodii  Arsenas    1.2  00 

Sodii  Benzoas    1.6  43 

Sodii  Bicarbonas 12  000 

Sodii  Boras    17  (too 

Sodii  Bromidum    1.7  12.5 

Sodii  Cacodylas 0.5  1 

Sodii  Carbonas  Monohydratus. . .  2.9  000 

Sodii  Chloridum    2.8  00 

Sodii  Hydroxidum  1  v.s. 

Sodii  lodidum   0.5  3 

Sodii  Nitris   1.4  50 

Sodii  Phosphas    5.5  000 

Sodii   Salicylas    0.8  5.5 

Sodii   Sulphas 2.8  COO 

Sodii    Sulphis    2  00 

Sodii  Thiosulphas    0.35  000 

Sparteinse  Sulphas    1.1  2.4 

Strophanthlnum     v.s.  v.s. 

Strychnina    6,400  110 

Strychnin®  Nitras    42  120 

Strychninse  Sulphas   31  65 

Sulphonethylmethanum     195  v.s. 

Sulphonmethanum     360  47 

Sulphur     000  00 

Terpini    Hydras    200  10 

Theobromina    1,700  50 

Theobrominae    Sodio-Salicylas.  ...  1  28 

Thymol    1,100  v.s. 

Thymolis   lodidum    000  00 

Veronal   145  28 

Veronal-Sodium    5                      

Zinci  Acetas    2.5  36 

Zinci  Chloridum   0.4  v.s 

Zinci   Oxidum    000  000 

Zinci    Stearas    000  000 

Zinci   Sulphas    0.53  000 


PHARMACOLOGIC  INDEX 

The  following  classification  of  drugs  included  in  the 
list  of  useful  remedies  according  to  their  therapeutic 
use  has  been  adapted  from  the  text-book  on  pharmac- 
ology and  therapeutics  by  Arthur  R.  Cushny.  This  index 
serves  to  indicate  the  comprehensiveness  of  the  list 
and  should  assist  in  suggesting  to  practitioners  and 
teachers  possible  additions  and  deletions  that  might  be 
made  so  that  the  list  will  include  all  of  the  fairly  well- 
established  remedies  that  are  really  of  use. 

For  ready  reference  the  titles  used  are  those  under 
which  the  drug  or  preparation  has  been  included  and 
described  in  the  list  of  useful  remedies. 

I.  DBUGS  APPLIED  FOR  THEIR  LOCAL  ACTION  TO  THE  SKIN, 
WOUNDS  OR  VISIBLE  Mucous  MEMBRANES 

Corrosives  or  Caustics  : 
Acidum  Aceticum 
Acidum  Nitricum 
Alumen  Exsiccatum 
Argenti  Nitras 
Arseni  Trioxidum 
Chromii  Trioxidum 
Hydrargyrum  Ammoniatum 
lodum 
Phenol 

Potassii  Carbonas 
Potassii  Hydroxidum 
Sodii  Carbonas 
Sodii  Hydroxidum 
Zinci  Chloridum 

Disinfectants  and  Antiseptics : 
Acidum  Benzoicum 
Acidnm  Boricum 
Acidum  Salicylicum 
Argenti  Nitras 
Calx 

Calx  Chlorinata 
Camphora 
Cresol 
Eucalyptoi 

Formaldehydi,  Liquor 
Hydrargyri  Chloridum  Corrosivum 
Hydrargyri  lodidum  Rubrum 
Hydrogenii  Dioxidi,    Aqua 
lodoformum 
lodum 

Olea  Volatilia 
Phenol 
Pix  Liquida 
Potassii  Permanganas 
Sulphur 
Thymol 
Zinci  Chloridum 

Astringents : 

Acidum  Tannicum 
Alumen 


USEFUL     DRUGS  151 

Aluminl  Acetatis,  Liquor 
Argent!  Nitras 
Bismuth!  Subcarbonas 
Bismuth!  Subgallas 
Bismuth!  Subnitras 
Cuprl  Sulphas 
Ferr!  Chlorldum 
Ferrl  Sulphas 
Plumbl  Acetas 
Zinc!  Acetas 
Zinc!  Oxidum 
ZlncI  Sulphas 

Styptics  : 

See  also  Soluble  Astringents. 
Ferrl  Chlorldum 
Alumen  Exslccatum 

To  Contract  Vessels  and  Reduce  Hemorrhage  and  Swelling  : 
Cocalna 
Eplnephrina 

Emollients:  Powders: 
Amylum 

Bismuth!  Subcarbonas 
Bismuth!  Subnitras 
Magnesi!  Carbonas 
Talcum 
Zinc!  Oxidum 

Protectives  : 
Adeps 

Adeps  Lanae 
Cera 

Olea  Pingua 
Petrolatum 

Local  Anodynes  and  Analgesics  for  Pain  and  Itching  : 
Aconltum 
Ammoniae,  Aqua 
Atropina 
Chloroformum 
Cocaina 
Phenol 
Sodli  Bicarbonas 

Local  Anesthetics  : 


Chloridum 

Cocalna 

Menthol 

II.  DRUGS  USED  FOR  AFFECTIONS  OF  THE  ALIMENTARY  TRACT 
Mouth  and  Throat.     (See  also  Section  1)  : 
Demulcent  : 

Acacia 

Ammonil  Chlorldum 

Glyerlnum 

Potassll  Chloras 

To  Lessen  Salivation  : 
Atropina 

Flavoring  Substances  : 
Acidum  Cltricum 
Olea  Volatilia 
Saccharum 
Syrupl 

Syrupus 

Syrupus  Prunl  Virginlanse 

Syrupus  Tolutanus 


152  USEFUL     DRUGS 

Stomach: 
Digestives : 

Acidum  Hydrochloricum 

Pepsinum 

Emetics : 

Antimonii  et  Potassii  Tartras 

Apomorphlnse  Hydrochloridum 

Cupri  Sulphas 

Ipecacuanha 

Sinapis 

Sodii  Chlorldum 

Zinci  Sulphas 

To  Lessen  Irritation  and  Vomiting : 
Bismuth!  Subcarbonas 
Bismuth!  Subnitras 
Chloralum  Hydratum 
Chloroformum 
Cocalna 
Codeina 

Diacetylmorphinse  Hydrochloridum 
Liquor  Calcis 
Menthol  . 
Morphina 
Opium 

To  Lessen  Acidity,  Antacids  : 
Calcii  Carbonas 
Calx  (Liquor  Calcis) 
Magnesii  Carbonas 
Magnesii  Oxidum 
Potassii  Carbonas 
Sodii  Bicarbonas 
Sodii  Hydroxidum 

To  Increase  Secretion,  Bitters  : 
Cinchona 
Gentiana 
Nux  Vomica 
Quinina 
Strychnina 

Carminatives : 
See  also  Bitters. 
Alcohol 
Camphora 
Capsicum 
Cardamomum 
Caryophyllus 
Myrrha 
Olea  Volatllia 
Sinapis 
Zingiber 

Intestine: 

To  Promote  Digestion : 
Pancreatinum 

To  Promote  Evacuation,  Purgatives : 
Vegetable  Purgatives : 
Aloe 
Aloinum 
Colocynthis 
Elaterinum 
Jalapa 
Podophyllum 
Rhamnus  Purshiana 
Rheum 


USEFUL     DRUGS  153 

Ricinl,  Oleum 
Senna 
Tiglii,  Oleum 

Saline  Purgatives  : 
Magnesii  Carbonas 
Magnesii  Citratis,  Liquor 
Magnesii  Oxidum 
Magnesii  Sulphas 
Potassii  Bitartras 
Potassii  Citras 
Potassii  et  Sodii  Tartras 
Sodii  Phosphas 
Sodii  Sulphas 

Mercurial  Purgatives  : 

Hydrargyri  Chloridum   Mite 
Hydrargyrum 

Miscellaneous : 
Fel  Bovis 
Glycerinum 
Sulphur 

To  Lessen  Movement  and  Relax  Spasm  : 
Acidum  Tannicum 
Argenti  Nitras 
Atropiua 
Belladonna 

Bismuthi  Subcarbonas 
Bismuth!  Subgallas 
Bismuthi  Subnitras 
Calx  (Liquor  Calcis) 
Morphina 
Opium 
Plumbi  Acetas 

To  Destroy  Parasites,  Antholrnintics  : 
Aspidium 
Chloroformum 

Hydrargyri  Chloridum  Mite 
Pelletierinse  Tannas 
Phenylis  Salicylas 
Santoninum 
Terebinthinfe,  Oleum 
Thymol 

Disinfectants  and  Antiseptics  • 

See  also,  Vegetable,  Saline  and  Mercurial  Purgatives. 
Phenylis  Salicylas 

III.  DRUGS  USED  FOR  THEIR  EFFECTS  ox  THE  CIRCULATION 

Heart: 

To  Strengthen  Contract  ion  : 

Digitalis 

Strophanthinum 

Strophanthus 

To  Accelerate  Pulse  : 
Atropina 
Caffeina 

To  Slow  Pulse : 
Aconitum 
Digitalis 
Strophanthinum 
Strophanthus 

Vessels: 

To  Contract  Caliber  and  Raise  Blood-Piessure : 

Epinephrina 

Ergota 


154  USEFUL     DRUGS 

To  Relax  Vessels  and  Lower  Blood-Pressure  : 

Amylis  Nitrls 

Glycerylis  Nitratls,  Spiritns 

Sodii  Nitris 

To  Arrest  Internal  Hemorrhage,  Styptics  : 
Ergota 
Hydrastis 

To  allay  1>estlessness 


To  Remove  Fluid   (Dropsy,  Anasarca)  : 

See  also  Diuretics  (Kidney),  Diaphoretics  (Skin),  Vegetab'e 

and  Saline  Purgatives    (Intestine) 
Digitalis 

Hydrargyri  Chloridum   Mite.- 
Scilla 

Strophanthinum 
Strophanthus 

IV.  DRUGS  USED  FOB  THEIR  EFFECTS  ON  THE  GENITO-URINARY 
SYSTEM 

To  Increase  the  Flow  of  Urine   (Diuretics)  r 
^Etheris  Nitrosi,  Spiritus 
Ammonii  Acetatis,  Liquor 
Caffeina 
Cubeba 
Digitalis 

Hydrargyri  Chloridum  Mite 
Potassii  Acetas 
Potassii  Citras 
Potassji  Nitras 
Santali,  Oleum 
Scilla 

Sodii  Nitris 
Sparteinae  Sulphas 
Strophanthinum 
Strophanthus 
Theobromina 

To  Render  the  Urine  Less  Acid  : 
Potassii  Acetas 
Potassii  Bicarbonas 
Potassii  Citras 
Sodii  Bicarbonas 
Sodii  Carbonas 

To  Render  the  Urite  More  Acid  : 

Acid  Sodium  Phosphate,  see  Sodii  Phosphas 
Mineral  Acids 

To  Render  the  Urine  Antiseptic  : 
Acidum  Benzoicum 
Acidum  Salicylicum 
Aspirinuru 
Hexamethylenamina 
Phenylis  Salicylas 
Sodii  Benzoas 
Sodii  Boras 
Sodii  Salicylas 
Local  antiseptics,  etc. 

To  Promote  Menstruation,   Euimenagogues  : 

See  also  Vegetable  Purgatives. 

Aloe 

Aloinum 

Myrrha 


USEFUL     DRUGS  155 

v.   DRUGS   USED   FOR  THEIR  EFFECTS   ON   THE   RESPIRATORY 
SYSTEM 

To  Stimulate  the   Respiratory  Center  : 
Atropina 
Caffeina 
Camphora 
Strychnina 

To  Reduce  the  Irritability  of  the  Center  in  Cough  : 
Chloralum  Hydratum 
Chloroformum 
Codeina 

Diacetylmorphinse  Hydrochloridnm 
Morphina 
Opium 

To   Increase  and   Liquefy  the   Bronchial   Secretion  : 
Ammonil  Carbonas 
Antimonii  et  Potassii  Tartras 
Apomorphinse  Hydrocbloridiim 
Ipecacuanha 
Lobelia 

Potassii  lodldum 
Scilla 
Sodii  lodidum 

To  Lessen  the  Secretion  of  the  Bronchi   (  ?) 

Terpini   Hydras 
To  Relax  Bronchial  Spasm  in  Asthma  : 

Amylis  Nitris 

Atropina 

Belladonna 

Glycerylis  Nitratis,  Spiritus 

Sodii  lodidum 

Sodii  Nitris 

VI.     DRUGS    USED   FOR    THEIR    EFFECTS    ON    THE    CENTRAL 

NERVOUS  SYSTEM 
Stimulants  : 

(a)  The  spinal  cord  : 
Strychnina 

(b)  The  brain  and  medulla  oblongata  : 
Atropina 

Caffeina 
Camphora 

Depressants  : 

(a)   To  paralyze  sensation  (general  anesthetics)  : 


^Ethylis  Chloridum 
Chloroformum 

(b)  To  induce  sleep  and  rest  (hypnotics  or  narcotics) 
Alcohol 

Chloralum  Hydratum 

Codeina 

Morphina 

Opium 

Paraldehydum 

Scopolaminse  Hydrobromidum 

Sulphonethylmethanum 

Sulphonmethanum 

Veronal 

(c)  To  relieve  pain    (analgetics  or  anodynes)  : 
Acetanilidum 

Acetphenetidinum 
Acldum  Salicylicum 
Alcohol 


156  USEFUL     DRUGS 

Antipyrina 

Aspirin 

Chloralum  Hydratum 

Codeina 

Methylis  Salicylas 
Morphina 
Sodii  Salicylas 

VII.  DRUGS  USED  TO  REDUCE  FEVER  TEMPERATURE 
Acetanilidum 

Acetphenetidinum 

Acidum  Salicylicum 

Aeon  itum 

Ammouii  Acetatis,  Liqnoi 

Antipyrinum 

Aspirin 

Gualacol 

Phenol  * 

Qulnina 

Sodii  Salicylas 

VIII.  DRUGS  USED  FOR  THEIR  EFFECTS  ON  THE  LIVER 
To  Increase  the  Secretion  of  Bile,  Cholagogues : 

Acidum  Salicylicum 
Fel  Bovis 

IX.  DRUGS  USED  FOR  THEIR  EFFECTS  ox  THE  BLOOD 
To  Increase  the  Hemoglobin  : 

Arseni  Trioxidum 

Ferri  Carbonas 

Ferri  lodidum 

Ferri  Phosphas  Solubilis 

Ferri  et  Ammonii  Citras 

Sodii  Arsanilas 

Sodii  Cacodylas 

To  Render  the  Blood  Alkaline  : 
Potassii  Acetas 
Potassii  Bicarbonas 
Potassii  Citras 
Sodii  Bicarbonas 
Sodii  Carbonas 
Sodii  Hydroxidum 

To  Increase  the  Coagulability  ( ?)  : 
Calcii  Chloridum 
Calcii  Hypophosphis 
Calcii  Lactas 

X.  DRUGS  USED  FOR  SPECIFIED  DISEASES 
In  Malaria  : 

Arseni  Trioxidum 
Quinina 

In  Syphilis : 

Hydrargyri  Chloridum  Corrosivum 
Hydrargyri  Chloridum  Mite 
Hydrargyri  lodidum  Flavum 
Hydrargyri  lodidum  Rubrum 
Hydrargyri  Salicylas 
Hydrargyrum 
Potassii  lodidum 
Ralvarsan 
Sodii  lodidum 

In  Rheumatic  Fever : 
Acidum  Sallcylicum 
Aspirin 


USEFUL     DRUGS  157 

Methylis  Salicylas 
Sodii  Salicylaa 

In  Myxedema  and  Some  Other  Thyroid  Diseases  : 
Glandulse  Thyroidese  Siccce 

In  Diphtheria : 

Serum  Antidiphthericum 

In  Tetanus 

Serum  Antitetanicum 

In  Trypanosomiasis : 

Antlmonii  et  PotassII  Tartras 
Sodii  Arsanilas 

In  Gout : 

Colchlcl  Semen 

XI.  DRUGS  USED  FOR  THEIK  EFFECTS  ON  THE  SKIN 

Corrosives  or  Caustics 
Emollients  and  Protectives 
Local  Anodynes  and  Anesthetics 

Irritants : 
Aconitum 
Alcohol 
Ammonia 
Camphora 
Cantharis 
Capsicum 
lodum 
Menthol 
Slnapis 

Terebinthinae,  Oleum 
Tiglii,  Oleum 

Disinfectants  or  Irritants  Used  Chiefly  in  the  Form  of  Oint- 
ments in  Parasitic  Skin  Diseases : 
Balsamum  Peruvianum 
Benzoinum 
Camphora 
Chrysarobinum 
Hydrargyrum 
Ichthyol 
lodum 
Pix  Liquida 
Resorcinum 
Sulphur 
Thymol 

Arsenic,  Potassium,   lodid,  etc.,   May  Be   Used  Internally  in 
Skin  Diseases. 

Drugs  Administered  Internally  to   Increase  the  Secretion  of 

Perspiration,  Diaphoretic  or  Sudoriflcs  : 
JEtheris  Nitrosi,   Spiritus 
Antimonii  et  Potassii  Tartras 
Camphora 
Ipecacuanha 
Opium 

Pulvis  Ipecacuanha  et  Opii 
Pilocarpinse  Hydrochloridum 

Drugs  Administered   Internally   to   Lessen   Secretion   of  Per- 
spiration : 
Atropina 
Belladonna 


158  USEFUL     DRUGS 

XII.  DSUGS  USED  LOCALLY  FOE  THEIR  EFFECTS  ON  THE  EYE 

Drugs  Dilating  the  Pupil  and  Relaxing  the  Accommodation, 

Mydriatics : 
Atropina 
Cocaina 

Homatropina  Hydrobromidum 
Scopolaminae  Hydrobromidum 

Drugs  Contracting  the  Pupil  and  the  Ciliary  Muscle,  Myotics : 
Physostigminae  Salicylas 
Pilocarpinae  Hydrochloras 


OTHER    PROPERTIES    OF    WELL-KNOWN    DRUGS 

The  following  classification  is  taken  from  "Introduc- 
tion to  Materia  Medica  and  Pharmacology"  by  Oliver 
T.  Osborne. 

Drugs  and  Preparations  Which  May  Cause  an  Eruption  on. 

or  Itching  of,  the  Skin  : 
Antitoxin 
Arsenic 
Belladonna 
Bromids 
Chloral 
Copaiba 
lodids 
Opium 
Quinin 

Salicylic  Acid 
Synthetic  Compounds 
Volatila  Oils,  and  drugs  containing  them. 

Drugs  Which  May  Change  the  Color  of  the  Urine : 
Drugs  that  increase  its  amount  cause  it  to  be  lighter. 
Drugs  that  irritate  the  kidneys  cause  it  to  be  darker. 
Methylene-blue  causes  it  to  be  green,  if  acid. 
Phenol  may  cause  it  to  be  brown  (same  appearance  as  bile). 
Santonin  causes  it  to  be  yellow,  if  acid ;  purple,  if  alkaline. 
Senna  may  cause  it  to  be  red,  if  acid ;  yellow,  if  alkaline. 
Sulphonal  may  cause  it  to  be  very  dark. 

Drugs  Which  Color  the  Feces : 

Bismuth  salts  color  them  black  or  dark  gray. 
Colchicum  colors  them  greenish. 
Iron  colors  them  black. 
Mercury  colors  them  green. 
Purgatives  cause  them  to  be  darker. 

Drugs  Which  Are  Excreted  with  the  Milk : 
Arsenic 
Bromids 

Hexamethylenamin 
lodids 
Lead 
Mercury 
Opium 
Quinin 
Sulphur 

Vegetable   Cathartics 
Volatile  Oils 


INDEX 


PAGE 

Acacia    7 

mucilage  of 7 

Acetanilid    -7 

Acetic  acid    8 

Acetphenetidin    8 

Acetylsalicylic  acid    (aspirin)  30 

Achylia  gastrica 

diluted  hydrochloric  acid 

in    10 

Acid,   acetic    8 

acetylsalicylic     (aspirin)  30 

arsenous,    solution   of .  . .  29 

benzole     9 

boric    9 

carbolic    (phenol)     103 

citric     10 

diethylbarbituric       (see 

veronal)    144 

hydrochloric    10 

hydrochloric,    diluted    .  .  10 

hydrocyanic,   diluted....  11 

nitric    11 

salicylic    12 

tannic     12 

tannic,  glycerite  of 13 

Acidity,   to   lessen    152 

.Acne  vulgaris 

ichthyol  in 86 

Aconite     

tincture   of    13 

Actinomycosis 

potassium  iodid  in 114 

Adeps     14 

benzoinatus   14 

lanae  hydrosus 14 

Adnephrin,     adrenalin      (epi- 

nephrin)     63 

Aether    14 

nitrosus    15 

nitrpsus   spiritus    15 

spiritus     15 

spiritus   compositus 15 

Aethylis   chloridum    15 

A  e  t  h  y  1  -  morphinae     hydro- 

chloridum    15 

Albumin  tannate   (tannalbin) 

Alcohol    16 

Alcoholic    poisoning 

caffein    in    39 

Alcoholism 

strychnin  in    130 

Aloes    17 

extract  of    17 

Aloin    18 

Alum    18 

exsiccated    18 

Aluminum  acetate    18 

acetate,  solution  of 18 

.Amebic  dysentery 

ipecac  in    89 

Amenorrhea 

desiccated  thyroid  glands 

In    73 

Ammonia  19 

aromatic  spirit  of 21 

liniment 20 

water    20 


Ammoniated      mercury      (hy- 
drargyrum  a  m  m  o  n  i- 

atum)      84 

mercury  ointment  of.  ...  84 

Ammonium  acotate    20 

acetate,  solution  of 20 

carbonate   20 

chlorid    21 

compounds     19 

sulpho-ichthyolate    86 

Amyl  nitrite   22 

Amylum    23 

Analgesics  and  anodynes,  151,  155 
Anemia 

ferrous  carbonate  in ....  67 

salvarsan  in    121 

sodium   cacodylate   in...  129 

Anesthetics,  general 155 

local    151 

Anodynes  and  analgesics.  151,  155 

Antacids     152 

Anthelmintics    153 

Antidiphtheric    serum 126 

Antimony  and  potassium  tar- 

trate   23 

wine  of    23 

Antipyrin     24 

Antiseptics  and  disinfectants 

150,  153 

Antitetanic   serum 126 

Antitoxin,   diphtheria    126 

Apomorphin    hydrochlorid.  .  .  24 

Aqua   25 

ammoniac     20 

camphorae    46 

chloroform!    52 

destillata   25 

hydrogen!  dioxidi 85 

menthae  piperitae    94 

rose    120 

Aquae    25 

Argent!   nitras    25 

nitras  fusus 27 

Argent!    proteinas     (see    pro- 

targol)    114 

Aristol    (thymol    iodid)     141 

Aromatic  elixir 17 

Arsenic  trioxid   •.  27 

Arsenobenzol    (salvarsan)     .  .  120 
Arsenous    acid     (arsenic    tri- 
oxid)       29 

acid,  solution  of 29 

and       mercuric       iodids, 

solution   of    29 

Asafetida   29 

Aspidium    29 

oleoresin  of 29 

Aspirin     30 

Asthma 

drugs  to  relax  bronchial 

spasm  in    155 

epinephrin  in 63 

Astringents    150 

Atoxyl    (sodii   arsanilas)  ....  127 

Atropin    30 

sulphate 33 

Bacterial   vaccines    (vaccina)  143 

Balsam  of  Peru    33 


160 


INDEX 


Balsam  of  Tolu    34 

Bed-sores 

compound      tincture      of 

benzoin  in    35 

Belladonna  leaves    34 

leaves,  extract  of 34 

leaves,  tincture  of 34 

ointment    35 

plaster    34 

Benzoic  acid   0 

Benzoin    35 

tincture   of,    compound .  .  35 

Benzosulphinid    35 

Betanaphthol    36 

Betula,  oil  of 94 

Biniodid  of  mercury    81 

Birch,  oil  of   95 

Bismuth   subcarbonate    36 

subgallate    37 

subnitrate    37 

subsalicylate   39 

Bitters   152 

Blastomycosis   114 

Blood,  alkaline,  drugs  to  ren- 
der      156 

Blood,  coagulability,  drugs  to 

increase    156 

Blood,  drugs,  effects  on  the . .  156 
Blood-pressure 

amyl  nitrate,  effect  on . .  22 

drugs  to  lower 154 

strychnin,  effect  on   ....  135 

Blue    mass    83 

ointment    83 

Borax    (sodium   borate) 128 

Boric    acid    9 

acid,  ointment  of 10 

Boroglycerin,    glycerite   of...  9 

Bothriocephalus    30 

Bronchial     secretion,     to     in- 
crease and  liquefy  the.  155 
secretion,  to  lessen    ....  155 
Bronchitis 

antimony  and  potassium 

tartrate  in 23 

antipyrin  in    24 

arsenic  trioxid  in 27 

strychnin  in    135 

Bruises 

solution   of   lead   subacc- 

tate  in   109 

Burns 

lime-water  in    44 

Cacao    butter     (oleum    theo- 

bromatis)     140 

Cachets    39 

Caffein    39 

citrated    40 

sodio-benzoate   41 

Calabar  bean   (physostigma) .  106 

Calcined  magnesia 92 

Calcium     carbonate,     precipi- 
tated       41 

chlorid    41 

hydroxid,   solution  of ... 

hypophosphite   42 

lactate    43 

oxid    43 

oxid,   chlorinated    

phosphate,    precipitated.  43 


TAG  E 

Calomel     (hydrargyri     chlori- 

dum    mite)     79 

Calx    43 

chlorinata    44 

Camphor    45 

'  liniment 46 

spirit    of    46 

water    46 

Cannabis  indica   46 

extract  46 

tincture    47 

Cantharides     47 

cerate   47 

Capsicum    48 

tincture    48 

Capsules     48 

Carbo  ligni    48 

Carbolic  acid  (phenol)    103 

Cardamom     49 

tincture   of    49 

Carminatives     152 

Carron  oil   44 

Caryophyllus     49 

oil  of   49 

Cascara     sagrada     (rhamnus 

purshiana)     118 

aromatic  fluid  extract  of  118 

extract  of   118 

fluid  extract  of    118 

Castor   oil    (oleum   ricini)    .  .  119 

Cataplasmata    49 

Caustics  or  corrosives 150 

Cera   alba    49 

flava   49 

Cerates     50 

Ceratum  cantharidis    47 

Chalk,   precipitated    41 

Chancroids     12 

Charcoal   (carbo  ligni)    48 

Charta  sinapis    127 

Chartae    50 

Cherry,  wild    115 

Chloral,   hydra  ed    50 

Chlorinated       calcium       oxid 

(chlorinated    lime)     .  .  44 

soda,  solution  of    45 

Chloroform    51 

liniment     52 

spirit   of    52 

water   52 

Chlorosis 

sodium  cacodylate  in ...  1 

Cholagogues    156 

Chromium     trioxid     (chromic 

acid)     52 

Chrysarobin     53 

ointment    ~»3 

Cinchona    53 

tincture   of    53 

tincture   of,    compound..  54 

Cinnamon     54 

oil  of   54 

water   54 

Circulation,    drugs    used    for 

their   effects    on    the..  153 

Titrated   caffein    40 

Citric    acid    10 

Cloves  (caryophyllus)    49 

oil  of   49 

Clysters   (enemata)    63 


INDEX 


161 


PAGE 

Cocaln    54 

hydrochloric!    56 

Codein    56 

phosphate    56 

sulphate    56 

Cod-liver    oil     (morrhuae 

oleum)     97 

Colchicum  seed 57 

seed,  tincture  of 57 

Colds 

camphor  for    45 

Collodion    57 

flexible   57 

Colocynth     58 

extract  of    58 

extract  of,   compound    .  .  58 

Confections    58 

Conjunctivitis 

boric  add  in   9 

ethyl-morphin      h  y  d  r  o- 

chlorid    15 

•     sodium  borate 128 

Conjunctivitis,    gonorrhea!, 

silver  nitrate  in 25 

Copaiba    58 

Copper  sulphate  59 

Corn-starch    (amylum)    23 

Corneal  ulcer   16 

Corrosive   sublimate    78 

Corrosives   or   caustics    150 

Coryza 

atropin  in    30 

codein  in   54 

Cough 

.   codein  for    56 

to    reduce    nerve    center 

irritability  in    155 

Creosote     58 

Cresol     59 

solution  of,  compound  .  .  59 

Croton  oil   (oleum  tiglii)    ...  141 

Cupri    sulphas    59 

Cystitis 

boric  acid   in    9 

hexamethylenamin    in...  76 

Decoctions    60 

Demulcents    151 

Depressants,    central   nervous 

system    155 

Dermatitis   herpetiformis    ...  28 
Dermatol      (bismuth     subgal- 

late)    37 

Diabetes 

sodium  cacodylate   In ...  129 
Diabetes  insipidus 

ergot  In  65 

Diarrhea 

lime-water  in    44 

Dicetyl-morphinae       hydro- 

chloridum    60 

Digestives    152 

Digitalis     61 

infusion  of 62 

tincture   of    62 

D  1  o  n  i  n     (aethyl-morphlnae 

hydrochloridum)     ....  15 
Diphtheria 

antitoxin  (see  serum  an- 

tidiphthericum)    126 

drugs  used  in    157 

strychnin   in    136 


PAGE 

Disinfectants  and  anti- 
septics   150,  153 

or  irritants  used  in  para- 
sitic skin   diseases   .  .  .  157 

Diuretics    154 

Diuretin  (theobrominae  sodio- 

salicylas)    140 

Donovan's  solution  (solution 
of  arsenous  and  mer- 
curic iodid)  29 

Dover's    powder    (pulvis    ipe- 

cacuanhae   et  opii)    .  .  100 

Dropsy,  renal 

theobromin   in 140 

Dyspepsia 

camphor  in    45 

Ear,    catarrh   of 

iodin  in    87 

Eczema 

arsenic   trioxid   in 27 

desiccated   thvroid  gland 

in    * 73 

Effervescent   salts    120 

Elaterin    62 

Elixir,  aromatic   17 

Elixirs    63 

Emetics    152 

Emmenagogues    154 

Emollients    151 

Emphysema 

arsenic  trioxid  in 27 

Emplastra    63 

Emulsions    63 

Endocervicitis 

iodin  in    87 

Enemata    (clysters)     63 

Enteritis,    ulcerative 

bismuth  subnitrato  in.  .  .  37 

Epinephrin    63 

Epsom  Salts  (magnesll  sul- 
phas)    93 

Ergot    65 

fluidextract   of    66 

Eruption   on   the   skin,    drugs 

which  may  cause  an .  .  158 
Erysipelas 

ichthyol   in    86 

Eserin      sallcylate       (physos- 

tigminae  salicylas)    .  .  106 
sulphate  (physostigminae 

sulphas)     107 

Ether  (aether)    14 

nitrous 15 

nitrous,  spirit  of   15 

spirit    of    15 

spirit    of,    compound....  15 
Ethyl     chlorid      (aethylis 

chloridum)    15 

Ethyl-morphin    hydrochlorid..  15 

Eucalyptus    66 

oil   of   66 

Extract  of  aloes  17 

of  belladonna  leaves....  34 

of  cannabis  indica 46 

of  cascara  sagrada    ....  118 

of  colocynth    .  . . 58 

of  colocynth,  compound.  58 

of  gentian    73 

of  Indian  cannabis    ....  46 

of  nux  vomica 98 


162 


INDEX 


PAGE 

of  opium    100 

of  rhamnus   purshiana..  118 

of  rhubarb    119 

Extracts     66 

Eye,    drugs   used    locally   for 

their   effects   on   the .  .  158 

Fats  and  oils,  fixed 99 

Favus 

sodium   sulphite   in    ....  133 

Feces,  drugs  which  color  the  158 

Fel    bovis    67 

bovis    purificatum    67 

Ferri  et  ammonii  cltras 68 

Ferric    chlorid    68 

chlorid,  tincture  of    ....  68 

phosphate    69 

Ferrous  carbonate   67 

carbonate,  mass  of 68 

carbonate,  pills  of 68 

iodid     69 

iodid,  syrup  of   69 

sulphate     70 

sulphate,    exsiccated    ...  70 

Ferrum     70 

reductum   70 

Fever,   drugs   used   to  reduce 

temperature iriG 

Fevers 

solution     of     ammonium 

acetate     20 

Flatulence 

oil  of  turpentine  in   ....  139 

Flavoring  substances    151 

Flaxseed    (linum)    91 

Fluid,  to  remove   154 

Fluidextract    of    cascara    sa- 

grada    118 

of  cascara  sagrada.   aro- 
matic      118 

of  ergot   66 

of  glycyrrhiza 7."> 

of   hydrastis 85 

of  ipecac   90 

of  rhamnus  purshiana..  118 
of   rhamnus      purshiana, 

aromatic    118 

of  senna    125 

of  viburnum  prunlfolium  144 

Fluidextracts    70 

Formaldehyd    71 

solution    of 71 

Fowler's   solution    (potassium 

arsenite)     28 

Galactorrhea 

atropin  in    33 

Gaultheria,  oil  of 94 

Genito-urinary   system,    drugs 
used    for    their   effects 

on  the   154 

Gentian    72 

extract  of   73 

tincture   of,    compound..  73 

Ginger    (zingiber)    146 

tincture   of    146 

Glauber's  salt  (sodii  sulphas)  133 
Glaucoma 

ethyl-morphin       hydro- 

chlorid   in    15 

sodium   salicylate  in...  132 


PAGE 

Glonoin    75 

Glycerin    74 

suppositories  of    74 

Glyceryl   nitrate,   spirit  of .  .  .  75 

Glycerite  of  boroglycerin ....  9 

Glycerites    74 

Glycerol  :   see   Glycerin 74 

Glyceryl  trinitrate 75 

Glycyrrhiza    75 

fluidextract  of 75 

powder  of,   compound ...  75 
Goiter 

desiccated  thyroid  glands 

in    74 

Golden  seal   84 

Gout,  drugs  used   in    157 

Gonorrhea 

protargol  in    114 

Gray    powder    83 

Green    vitriol    70 

Guaiacol 76 

carbonate 76 

Gum  arabic 7 

Headache 

acetanllld    In    7 

sodium   salicylate  in....  132 
Hemoglobin,     drugs     used     to 

increase    156 

Hemophilia 

calcium  chlorid  in   42 

Hemorrhages 

epinephrin  in    63 

internal,  to  arrest   in...  154 
Hemorrhoids 

iodoform  in   87 

Henbane 86 

Heroin  hydrochlorid    (clicetyl- 
morphinae   hydrochlor- 

idum)     60 

Hexamethylenamin     . 76 

Homatropin  hydrobromid    ...  78 

Honeys    (mellira)     93 

Hookworm   disease 

thymol   in    141 

Hydrargyri      ammoniati      un- 

guentum     84 

chloridum   corrosivum.  . .  78 

chloridum  mite 79 

dilutum    unguentum    ...  83 

iodidum  flavum 80 

iodidum    rubrum    81 

oxidum  flavum    82 

salicylas     82 

unguentum     83 

Hydrargyrum    82 

ammoniatum    84 

cum  creta    83 

Hydrastis     84 

fluidextract   of    85 

Hydrated  chloral    50 

Hydrochloric    acid 10 

Hydrocyanic  acid,   diluted...  11 

Hydrogen    dioxide    85 

dioxide,  solution  of   ....  85 

peroxid     85 

Hydrous     wool     fat      (adeps 

lanae)     14 

Hyoscin   hydrobromid    124 

Hyoscyamus    86 

tincture   of    86 


INDEX 


163 


Hyperacidity 

bismuth    subnitrate    in .  .  38 

Hypnotics  or  narcotics   153 

Ichthyol    80 

Indian  cannabis    46 

cannabis,   extract  of    ...  46 

cannabis,  tincture  of  ...  47 

Infections 

solution     of     ammonium 

acetate  in    20 

Infusion  of  digitalis    62 

Infusions    86 

Insomnia 

hydrated  chloral  in   ....  30 

lodin    87 

tincture    of    89 

lodoform    87 

Ipecac     89 

and   opium,   powder  of.  .  100 

fluidextract   of    90 

syrup    of    90 

Iritis 

ethyl-morphin      hydro- 

chlorid   in    15 

Iron   (ferrum)    70 

and.  ammonium  citrate..  68 

reduced 70 

See   also   ferric   and   fer- 
rous compounds 

I  rritants    157 

or  disinfectants   used  in 

parasitic  diseases   ....  157 

Itching    of    the    skin,    drugs 

which  may  cause  an..  158 

Jaborandi    (pilocarpus)     ....  107 

Jalap    90 

powder  of,   compound    .  .  90 

Keratitls 

sodium   salicylatc   in....  132 

Labarraque's  solution    (liquor 

sodae    chlorinatae)     .  .  45 

Lanolin    (adeps   lanae   hydro- 
sus)     

Lard    (adeps)    

benzpinated    

Laryngitis 

antimony   and   potassium 

tartrate    in    23 

squill   in    123 

Laudanum    (tinctura  opii)    .  .  100 

Lead  acetate   (plumbi  acetas)  108 

subacetate,   solution  of.  .  109 

sugar  of 108 

leukemia 

ferrous  carbonate  in  ....  07 

Lichen  planus 

arsenous  trioxid  in 27 

Licorice  root    (glycyrrhiza)  .  .  75 

Lime     43 

chlorinated     44 

liniment    44 

water    44 

Liniment,  ammonia    20 

camphor     46 

chloroform    52 

lime    (calcis)     44 

soap    123 

Liniments     90 


PAGE 

Linseed   oil    91 

Linum     91 

Liquor  :    See    Solution. 
Liver,  drugs   for  their  effects 

on   the    156 

Lobelia     91 

tincture   of    91 

Lunar      caustic      (argenti 

nitras)    25 

Lupus  erythematosus 

ichthyol   in    86 

Magnesia,   calcined    92 

Magnesium  carbonate    92 

citrate    92 

citrate,   solution   of    ....  92 

oxid     92 

sulphate    93 

sulphate,   effervescent    .  .  93 

Male  fern   (aspidium) 29 

Malaria 

drugs  used  in 156 

quinin    and    urea    hydro- 

chlorid   in    117 

quinin   tannate  in    116 

Mammitis 

atropin    in     32 

Mass,    blue    83 

of  ferrous  carbonate   ...  68 
of    mercury    (massa    hy- 

drargyri)    83 

Masses    93 

Mellita    93 

Menorrhagia 

hydrastis   in    84 

Menstruation,    to    promote.  .  .  154 

Mentha  piperita  (peppermint)  93 

Menthae   piperitae,    aqua.  ...  94 

piperitae   oleum    93 

piperitae    spiritus    94 

Menthol    94 

Mercurial  ointment    83 

Mercuric  and  arsenous  iodids. 

solution    of    29 

chlorid,  corrosive    78 

iodid,    red    81 

oxid,    yellow    82 

oxid,     yellow,     ointment 

of    82 

salicylate   82 

Mercurous    chlorid,   mild    ...  79 

iodid,  yellow 80 

Mercury    (hydrargyrum)     ...  82 

ammoniated     84 

biniodid   of    81 

green  iodid  of 80 

mass  of    83 

protiodid    80 

with  chalk 83 

Methyl   salicylate    94 

Mctrorrhagia 

hydrastis  in    84 

Milk,    drugs    which    are    ex- 
creted  with   the 158 

Milk-sugar      (saccharum     lac- 

tis)    120 

Mixtures    95 

Morphin      95 

hydrochlorid    97 

sulphate    97 

Morrhuae    oleum    .  97 


164 


INDEX 


Mucilage  of  acacia    7 

Mucilages    98 

Mustard    (sinapis)     126 

black     126 

oil  of,   volatile 127 

paper     127 

Myrrh     98 

tincture  of    98 

Myxedema    and    some    other 
thyroid  diseases,  drugs 

used  in 157 

Naphthol     (betanaphthol)  ...      36 

Narcotics    or    hypnotics 1 

Neosalvarsan     122 

Nephritis 

potassium   acetate   in...   110 
Nerve  exhaustion 

caffein   in    39 

Nervous    system,    central, 
drugs    used    for    their 

effects   on   the    155 

Neuralgia 

acetanilid    in    7 

arsenic  trioxid  in 27 

Nevi 

nitric  acid  in 11 

Nipples,  cracked 

compound      tincture      of 

benzoin    in     35 

Nitric   acid    11 

Nitrites 22 

Nitroglycerin     7o 

spirit  of 75 

Nitrous  ether,   spirit  of 15 

Nux  vomica    98 

extract  of   98 

tincture  of    98 

Obesity 

desiccated  thyroid  glands 

in    74 

Oil.   carron    (linimentum    cal- 

cis)      44 

castor  (oleum  ricini)  .  .  119 
croton  (oleum  tiglii)  .  .  .  141 
linseed  (oleum  lini)  ...  91 
of  birch  (oleum  betulae)  95 
of  cinnamon  (oleum  cin- 

namomi)    54 

of  cloves    (oleum   caryo- 

phylli)    49 

of     eucalyptus       (oleum 

eucalypti)    66 

of    gaultheria     (oleum 

gaultheriae)     94 

of  mustard,  volatile   (ol- 
eum  sinapis  volatile)  .    127 
of     peppermint      (oleum 

menthae  piperitae)  ...  93 
of  rose  (oleum  rosae)  .  .  120 
of  santal  (oleum  santali)  122 
of  theobroma  (oleum  the- 

obromatis)     140 

of  turpentine    (oleum  te- 

rebinthinae)    139 

of  wintergreen    94 

Oils   and   fats,   fixed 99 

volatile   or  essential....      99 

Ointment,  belladonna    35 

blue   (hydrargyri  dilutum 

unguentum)     83 


PACK 

chrysarobin   o!! 

mercurial        (unguontum 

hydrargyri)      8H 

of  ammoniated  mercury.  84 

of  boric  acid   10 

of  yellow  mercuric  oxid.  82 

of  zinc  oxid    146 

sulphur     138 

tar    108 

Ointments    143 

Oleates 99 

Oleoresin  of  aspidium 29 

Oleoresins    99 

Oleum :  See  Oil 

Opium    99 

and  ipecac,  powder  of. .  100 

extract  of   100 

powdered     100 

tincture   of    100 

tincture  of,  camphorated  100 

tincture  of,  deodorized .  .  100 
Opium   poisoning 

caffein    in    39 

Oxgall  (fel  bovis)    67 

purified 67 

Oxygen,  compressed 100 

Pancreatin  101 

Papers    (chartae)     50 

Paraffin    101 

Paraldehyd    102 

Paralysis 

•strychnin  in    135 

Parasites,   to  destroy    -153 

Paregoric   (tinctura  opii  cam- 

phorata)    100 

Pelletierine    tannate    102 

Pemphigus 

arsenic   trioxid   in 27 

Peppermint    93 

oil  of    93 

spirit   of    94 

water     94 

Pepsin    102 

Perspiration,    drugs    adminis- 
tered  to    increase    the 

secretion    of    157 

Pertussis 

antipyrin  in    24 

Peru,  balsam  of    33 

Petrolatum    102 

liquid     102 

I'haryngitis 

boric  acid   in    9 

capsicum   in    ".  .  48 

iodin  in    87 

Phenacetin    (acetphenetidin)  .  8 

Phenol     103 

liquefied    104 

Phenolphthalein     104 

Phenyl  salicylate    104 

Phosphorus    105 

Physostigma    106 

Physostigmine  salicylate  ....  106 

sulphate     107 

Pills    108 

of       ferrous       carbonate 

(Blaud's)     68 

Pilocarpin   hydrochlorid    ....  107 

nitrate    108 

Pilocarpus   107 


INDEX 


165 


I'AGK 

Fix  liquida    108 

unguentum     108 

Plaster,    belladonna     34 

Plasters    (emplastra)    63 

Plumbi    acetas    108 

Pneumonia 

potassium    acotate   in...    100 

strychnin  in    135 

Podophyllum     109 

resin    of    100 

Potassium    acetate    109 

and  sodium  tartrate....  112 
arsenite,  solution  of.  ...  28 

bicarbonate    110 

bitartrate     110 

bromid    110 

carbonate     Ill 

chlorate    Ill 

citrate    112 

citrate,  effervescent   ....    112 

hydroxid     112 

hydroxid,   solution   of...    113 

iodid     113 

permanganate    114 

tartrate    and    antimony.      23 
Poultices    (cataplasmata).. . .     49 
Powder,    compound    efferves- 
cing-        112 

Dover's     100 

of  glycyrrhiza,  compound  75 
of  ipecac  and  opium. . . .  100 
of  jalap,  compound....  90 

Seidlitz     112 

Powdered   opium    100 

Powders    115,  151 

Precipitated    calcium   carbon- 
ate          41 

calcium    phosphate    ....     43 

chalk    41 

Protargol     114 

Protectives    151 

Protiodid   of  mercury 80 

Prunus  virginiana    115 

virginianae    syrupus    .  . .    115 
Pseudoleukemia 

sodium   cacodylate   in...    129 
Psoriasis 

arsenic   trioxid   in 27 

desiccated  thyroid  glands 

in    73 

sodium   cacodylate   in ...    129 

Pulse,    to   accelerate 153 

to    slow    153 

Pulveres,  pulvis ;  see  powder, 

powders    115 

Purgatives,  mercurial    153 

saline   153 

vegetable     152 

Pyelitis 

hexamethylenamin   in    .  .      7G 

Quinin    115 

and   urea  hydrochlorid.  .  117 

bisulphate    116 

hydrochlorid    116 

sulphate     116 

tannate    116 

Uelapsing  fever 

salvarsan  in    120 

Resin    of    podophyllum 109 


Resins  

Resorcinol 

Respiratory  system,  drugs 
used  for  their  effects 

on  the  

Rhamnus  purshiana  

extract  of    

fluidextract    

fluidextract,  aromatic  .  . 
Rheumatic  fever,  drugs  used 

in  

Rheumatism 

potassium    acetate    in ... 

sodium  s-alicylate  in.... 
Rhubarb  (rheum)  

extract    of    

syrup   of,   aromatic 

tincture  of,  aromatic.  .  . 

Ricini  oleum  

Rochelle  salts  (potassii  et 

sodii  tartrates)  

Rosacea 

ichthyol  in  

Rose  

oil    of    

water  

Rosin  

Saccharin  (benzosulphinid)  .  . 
Saccharum  

lactis  

Salicylic  acid  

Salivation,  to  lessen  

Salol  (phenyl  salicylate)  .  . .  . 
Salt,  common  (sodium  chlo- 

rid)  

Salts,  effervescent  

Epsom  (magnesii  sul- 
phas)   

Glauber's   

Rochelle  (potassii  et 

sodii  tartrate)  

Salvarsan  . 


PAGK 
117 
117 


Santal,  oil  of 

Santonin  

Sapo  

linimentum    

mollis  

Sarsaparilla 

syrup  of,  compound.... 
Scabies 

balsam   of   Peru   in 

sodium  sulphite  in.... 
Scilla 

syrupus    

tinctura  

Scleritis 

ethyl-morphin  hydrochlo- 
rid in  

Scopolamin  hydrobromid  .  .  . 
Seborrhea 

ointment  of  ammoniated 

mercury  in  

Secretion,  to  increase 

Soidlitz  powder   (pulvis  effer- 

vescens   compositus)    . 

Senna     

fluidextract   of    

syrup  of  

Serum,  antidlphtheric  

antitetantc     


155 
118 

118 
118 
118 

156 

109 
132 
118 
119 
119 
119 
119 

112 


119 
120 
120 
117 

35 
120 
120 

12 
151 
104 

130 
120 

93 
133 

112 
120 
122 
122 
122 
123 
123 
123 
123 

33 
133 
123 
124 
124 


15 
124 


84 
152 

112 
125 
125 
125 
126 
126 


166 


INDEX 


PAGE 

Serums  and  vaccines 125 

Silver  nitrate  (argent!  nitras)     25 

molded     26 

proteinate    (protargol) . .    114 

Sinapis     126 

charta    127 

nigra     126 

volatile  oleum    127 

Skin  disease 

arsenic   trioxid  in 27 

bismuth    subgallate    in .  .      37 

Skin,  drugs  used  for  their  ef- 

f ect&    on    the 157 

Soap     122 

liniment 123 

soft 123 

Sodium  arsanilate    127 

arsenate 127 

benzoate     127 

bicarbonate     128 

borate    128 

bromid     129 

cacodylate    129 

carbonate,  monohydrated  130 

eWorld    130 

diethyl-barbiturate     ....    144 

hydroxid    130 

hydroxid,   solution   of .  .  .    131 

iodid     131 

nitrite    131 

phosphate    131 

phosphate,     effervescent.   132 

salicylate 132 

sulphate   133 

sulphite    133 

tartrate  and  potassium.  112 
thiosulphate  133 

Solution,    Donovan's     (arsen- 
ous       and       mercuric 

lodids)    29 

Fowler's    (potassium    ar- 

senite)    28 

Labarraque's        (chlorin- 
ated soda)    45 

of  aluminum  acetate. ...  18 
of  ammonium  acetate ...  20 

of  arsenous  acid    29 

of  arsenous  and  mercuric 

iodids   29 

of  calcium  hydroxid....      44 

of  chlorinated  soda 45 

of  cresol.  compound ....      59 

of  formaldehyd    71 

of  hydrogen  dioxid 85 

of  lead  subacetate 109 

of  magnesium  citrate.  .  92 
of  potassium  arsenite.  .  28 
of  potassium  hydroxid..  113 

of  sodium  hydroxid 131 

of  zinc  chlorid 145 

Solutions     91 

Spartein   sulphate    134 

Sporotrlchosis 

potassium   iodid    in 113 

Spasm 

hydrated  chloral  in 50 

to  lessen  movement  and 
relax     153 

Spirit  of  ammonia,  aromatic.      21 

of    camphor    46 

of  chloroform    52 


PAGE 

of  ether   15 

of  ether,  compound 15 

of    g-lyceryl    nitrate ....  75 

of  nitroglycerin    75 

of   nitrous    ether 15 

of  peppermint    (menthae 

piperitae)     94 

Sprains 

solution   of   lead   subace- 
tate  in    109 

Squill    (scilla)     123 

syrup   of    124 

tincture  of 124 

Starch    (amylum)    23 

Stimulants    155 

Stramonium    134 

Strophanthin     134 

Strophanthus    135 

tincture   of    135 

Strychnin     135 

nitrate    136 

sulphate     137 

Styptics    151,  154 

Sugar  (saccharum)    120 

of  lead 108 

of  milk 120 

Sulphonal          (sulphonmetha- 

num)     138 

Sulphonethylmethane   137 

Sulphonmethane   138 

Sulphur    138 

ointment    138 

precipitated     138 

sublimed     138 

washed     138 

Suppositories 138 

of  glycerin    74 

Supracapsulin,     suprarenalin, 
1-suprarenin     synthetic 

(epinephrin)    63 

Syrup    120 

of  ferrous  iodid    69 

of  ipecac   90 

of    rhubarb,   aromatic...  119 

of  sarsaparilla,  compound  123 

of  senna 125 

of   squill    124 

of  Tolu    34 

of  wild  cherry    115 

Syphilis    drugs  used   in 156 

Tablets,  compressed 139 

Tablet-triturates     139 

Tannalbin    13 

Tannic   acid    12 

glycerite  of 13 

Tar    (pix  liquida)    108 

Tartar  emetic  (antimony  and 

potassium  tartrate)    .  .  23 

Terebinthina    139 

oleum    139 

Terpin  hydrate   139 

Tetanus      antitoxin       (serum 

antitetanicum)     126 

drugs  used  in   157 

Theobroma,   oil   of    140 

Theobromin    140 

sodium  salicylate   140 

Thvmol     141 

*  iodid 141 


INDEX 


167 


PAGE 

Thyroid   glands,    desiccated..  73 

Tiglii   oloum    141 

Tincture  of  aconito    13 

of  ammoniated  valerian.  144 

of    belladonna    leaves...  34 

of  benzoin,   compound.  .  .  35 

of   cannabis   indica    ....  47 

of   capsicum    48 

of   cardamom    49 

of    cinchona    53 

•of    cinchona,    compound.  54 

of  colchicum   seed    57 

of  digitalis    62 

of   ferric   chlorid    68 

of  gentian,  compound ...  73 

of  ginger    146 

of  hyoscyamus    86 

of  Indian  cannabis    ....  47 

of  iodin    89 

of  lobelia   91 

of  myrrh    98 

of  nux  vomica 98 

of  opium    100 

of  opium,   camphorated. .  100 

of  opium,  deodorized. .  . .  100 

of  rhubarb,   aromatic....  119 

of  squill 124 

of  strophanthus    135 

of  valerian,    ammoniated  144 

Tinctures   141 

Tolu,  balsam  of    34 

syrup   of    34 

Tonsillitis 

capsicum    in 48 

Trachomatous   lids 

copper   sulphate    in 59 

Tragacanth    142 

Trinitrin    75 

Trlonal     (sulphonethylme- 

thanum)     137 

Triturations    142 

Troches    142 

Trypanosomiasis,    drugs    used 

in    157 

Tuberculin     142 

Tuberculosis 

sodium   cacodylate   in...  129 

Turpentine     (terebinthina)  .  .  139 
Typhoid   fever 

calcium  chlorid  in    41 

ergot  in    65 

Ulcer   of   the   stomach 

bismuth    subnitrate    in .  .  37 
Fleers 

compound      tincture      of 

benzoin  in    35 

Unguentum  :    See    Ointment. 
Urea      and      quinin       hydro- 

chlorid    117 

Urethritls,   gonorrhea 

copaiba  in    58 


PAGK 

Urine,   drugs   to   render  urino 

less  acid 158 

drugs  which  may  change 

color  of   158 

Drotropin         (hexamethylcna- 

mina)    76 

Urticaria 

arsenic   trioxid   in 27 

Uterine  hemorrhage 

fluidextract   of  hydrastis 
in    .  85 


Vaccina    

Vaccine  virus    

Vaccines  and  serums 

Valerian     

ammoniated,    tincture    of 

Vallet's  mass    

Vasoconstriction,  drugs  for.. 

Veronal    

Viburnum   prunifolium    

prunifolium,    fluidextract 

of 

Vina    

Vincent's   angina 

salvarsan  in    

Vinum  antimonii    

Virus   vaccinum    

Vitriol,   green    

Volatile  or  essential  oils   .... 

Vomiting,     drugs     to     lessen 

irritation  and    

Warts 

nitric  acid  for  

Water  (aqua)  

ammonia    

camphor 

chloroform    

cinnamon   

peppermint    

rose  

Waters  (aquae)  

Wax.  white  (cera  alba) 

yellow   (cera  flava)    .... 

Wild   cherry    (prunus  virgini- 

ana)    

syrup  of  

Wine  of  antimony  

Wines  (vina)  

Wintergreen,  oil  of 

Wool  fat  (adeps  lanae 
hydratcd)  

Zinc  acetate    

chlorid    

oxid    

oxid,  ointment  of   .  . 

solution   of    

stearate    

sulphate    

Zingiber   

tinctura    


14.'! 
145 
125 
14.'! 
144 
68 
151 
144 
144 

144 
145 

121 
23 

145 
70 
90 


1.1 
25 
20 
46 
52 
54 
94 
120 
25 
49 
49 

115 
115 

23 
145 

94 

14 

145 
145 

145 
146 
145 
146 
146 
146 
146 


APR  1 9  1982 


Date  Due 


3   1970  00374   1219 


UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


A  000  499  565  o 


QV 
A  512 
191 

American  Medical  Association.  A  handboo 
of  useful  drugs 


UCI  CCM  LIBRARY 


